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Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…with a high BMI, and that the deltoid injection is placed too high — which causes the shoulder injury known as SIRVA. Both are avoided with…

Interpreting NT-proBNP and BNP in Clinical Decision-Making

…but their release is not specific to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Levels may also rise with: Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction Valvular heart disease Pulmonary hypertension…

Microvascular Angina and INOCA: Diagnosis with CFR and IMR

…Structural CMD: resting vascular tone is increased, potentially reflecting capillary rarefaction, fibrosis, or left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension, diabetes, and elevated NT proBNP are more frequent…

Skin biopsy — punch, shave and excision

…be biopsied. Hypersensitivity to local anaesthetics. Areas at high risk of unsightly or hypertrophic scars: the sternum, the shoulder, the jawline, the ears. Anatomically hazardous…

Metabolic Syndrome: Definition and Clinical Significance

…and releases additional inflammatory and profibrotic mediators. Perinephric fat is associated with hypertension and blood pressure variability, while obesity and hypertension together promote left ventricular…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically…

Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…preparations: in practice within about 1 hour. Tablets and solid preparations: up to about 2 hours. Modified release preparations, anticholinergics, opioids and salicylate — where gastric…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…a dialysis patient, in severe acute kidney injury, in treatment failure or in ongoing massive potassium release. In cardiac arrest with suspected hyperkalaemia, advanced life…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a modified release preparation is started in an opioid naive patient, or when a conversion between drugs…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…around the clock for health care professionals. Contact the centre early in serious, unusual or unclear poisoning, with modified release preparations, mixed poisoning, pregnancy, children…

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