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Interpreting NT-proBNP and BNP in Clinical Decision-Making

…but their release is not specific to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Levels may also rise with: Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction Valvular heart disease Pulmonary hypertension…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…acromion , in the middle of the muscle belly, within the inverted triangle formed between the acromion and the lower tip of the muscle insertion. 3…

Microvascular Angina and INOCA: Diagnosis with CFR and IMR

…Structural CMD: resting vascular tone is increased, potentially reflecting capillary rarefaction, fibrosis, or left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension, diabetes, and elevated NT proBNP are more frequent…

Metabolic Syndrome: Definition and Clinical Significance

…and releases additional inflammatory and profibrotic mediators. Perinephric fat is associated with hypertension and blood pressure variability, while obesity and hypertension together promote left ventricular…

Skin biopsy — punch, shave and excision

…the skin perpendicular to the skin tension lines with the thumb and index finger — the biopsy defect then becomes oval when the skin is released…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically…

Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…preparations: in practice within about 1 hour. Tablets and solid preparations: up to about 2 hours. Modified release preparations, anticholinergics, opioids and salicylate — where gastric…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…start cardiac monitoring at a plasma potassium above 6.0 mmol/L, and at lower values if the rise is rapid, the patient has symptoms…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a modified release preparation is started in an opioid naive patient, or when a conversion between drugs…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…around the clock for health care professionals. Contact the centre early in serious, unusual or unclear poisoning, with modified release preparations, mixed poisoning, pregnancy, children…

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