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Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself a bar to vaccination. Relative: Lymphoedema or previous axillary clearance on the same side. A paretic limb — poorer absorption…

Interpreting NT-proBNP and BNP in Clinical Decision-Making

…but their release is not specific to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Levels may also rise with: Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction Valvular heart disease Pulmonary hypertension…

Microvascular Angina and INOCA: Diagnosis with CFR and IMR

…Objective evidence of myocardial ischaemia. Absence of obstructive coronary artery disease, defined as no stenosis exceeding 50% diameter reduction and/or an FFR 0.80…

Metabolic Syndrome: Definition and Clinical Significance

…and releases additional inflammatory and profibrotic mediators. Perinephric fat is associated with hypertension and blood pressure variability, while obesity and hypertension together promote left ventricular…

Skin biopsy — punch, shave and excision

…and 6 mm. A size 15 scalpel, a double edged razor blade or a flexible shave blade. Artery forceps, toothed surgical forceps, scissors, a needle…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically…

Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…preparations: in practice within about 1 hour. Tablets and solid preparations: up to about 2 hours. Modified release preparations, anticholinergics, opioids and salicylate — where gastric…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…a dialysis patient, in severe acute kidney injury, in treatment failure or in ongoing massive potassium release. In cardiac arrest with suspected hyperkalaemia, advanced life…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a modified release preparation is started in an opioid naive patient, or when a conversion between drugs…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…around the clock for health care professionals. Contact the centre early in serious, unusual or unclear poisoning, with modified release preparations, mixed poisoning, pregnancy, children…

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