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Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…poorer absorption. Injection into an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An…

Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…both methods falls steeply with the time since ingestion, and both can harm the patient through aspiration. Contact your national or regional poison control centre…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…remains consequential, and historically 2–6% of patients discharged with presumed non ischaemic chest pain were subsequently found to have had an infarction. Pathophysiological Considerations…

Skin biopsy — punch, shave and excision

…the posterior triangle of the neck, and the superficial nerves of the forearm and the dorsum of the hand. Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…8%. This implies that approximately one third of the patients who ultimately had a favorable neurological recovery exhibited an abnormal pupillary reflex upon initial examination…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…a dialysis patient, in severe acute kidney injury, in treatment failure or in ongoing massive potassium release. In cardiac arrest with suspected hyperkalaemia, advanced life…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a modified release preparation is started in an opioid naive patient, or when a conversion between drugs…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…around the clock for health care professionals. Contact the centre early in serious, unusual or unclear poisoning, with modified release preparations, mixed poisoning, pregnancy, children…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…injury is separate from MI. It refers to cardiac troponin release that does not fulfil the criteria for ischaemic myocardial infarction. It may be acute…

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