…with antianginal drugs and PCI or CABG, daily or weekly angina remains present in approximately 2%–24% of patients with CAD. The pathophysiology of refractory…

…choose a new site if in doubt Cellulitis over the insertion site Change the puncture site Preparation and equipment Ultrasound with a curved array probe…

…adequate step 1 and step 2 Refractory status: contact anaesthesia, intensive care and neurology; intubate as needed and start anaesthetic treatment with EEG After clinical…

…and afferent neural pathways in causing chronic refractory cough, akin to chronic neuropathic pain. This syndrome presents with a dry or minimally productive cough and…

…Features associated with an unfavourable short term prognosis include: Tachycardia Low systolic blood pressure Respiratory insufficiency, manifested by tachypnoea and/or low arterial oxygen saturation…

…pulse pressure, an elevated jugular venous pressure with a paradoxical rise on inspiration (Kussmaul sign), and a difficult to palpate apex beat [10]. Despite congestive…

…which is conducted with aberration. The supraventricular impulse reaches the His Purkinje system while the right bundle branch is still refractory and therefore blocks the…

…Figure 5. Failure to capture during the refractory period. Figure 6. Tachyarrhythmia with ventricular pacing. Failure to capture Definition : pacing does not result in myocardial…

…fluid and early contact with anaesthesia or intensive care Refractory anaphylaxis Persisting airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise despite two adequate intramuscular doses of adrenaline and…

…dealt with before the atria begin to contract again. An unsynchronised shock that happens to fall in the T wave can precipitate ventricular fibrillation, and…

…sedated to awake and calm CAM ICU Negative Screen for delirium every shift BIS (during neuromuscular blockade) 40–60 Targeted light sedation with a daily…

…the neurological outcome compared with keeping the patient normothermic — but fever after cardiac arrest is harmful, it often arises spontaneously, and it must be actively…

…V3). IIa B In patients with inferior myocardial infarction, consider connecting V3R and V4R to detect concomitant right ventricular infarction. IIa B Routine blood sampling…

…early disease or after effective treatment. HFrEF is commonly associated with structural and functional ventricular abnormalities and progressive neurohormonal activation. The therapeutic rationale for disease…

…mechanical circulatory support Refractory advanced disease Consider palliative care Right ventricular failure is characterized by increased right atrial and right ventricular pressures with systemic congestion…

…paraplegia or paraparesis, rapid aortic expansion, refractory pain and hypertension despite treatment. A related entity is non A non B dissection , which involves the arch…

…used. Anatomical assessment should be integrated with clinical variables rather than applied in isolation. A multidisciplinary heart team, including an interventional cardiologist and cardiac surgeon…

…symptoms are severe, refractory to guideline directed medical therapy, occur at a low level of exertion, or are associated with high event risk. The apparent…

…terms “controlled resistant hypertension,” referring to blood pressure controlled with four or more medications, and “refractory hypertension,” referring to uncontrolled blood pressure despite five or…

…or “refractory hypertension” for blood pressure above target despite five or more drugs. Screening for primary aldosteronism Screening for primary aldosteronism with renin and aldosterone…

…further adjusting the dose. Electrophysiology Sotalol prolongs the effective refractory periods of the atrium, atrioventricular (AV) node, His Purkinje system, and ventricle. It extends the…

…intraventricular conduction defect. The ventricular rhythm is regular (as is the atrial) with a rate ranging between 150 and 250 beats per minute. The P…

…al it was reported that early repolarization was associated with 3–5 times as great a risk of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac arrest…

…CPR in patients with refractory out of hospital cardiac arrest. Patients aged 18 to 70, who received bystander CPR and initially presented with a ventricular…

…completely refractory, the impulse will be blocked and no QRS complex appears. Figure 1. Typical premature atrial contraction. Figure 2. Atrial premature beat with retrograde…

…refractory and blocks the atrial impulse. This manifests on the ECG with gradual prolongation of the PR interval until a P wave is blocked and…