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Refractory Angina: Options When Standard Therapy Fails

…with antianginal drugs and PCI or CABG, daily or weekly angina remains present in approximately 2%–24% of patients with CAD. The pathophysiology of refractory…

Paracentesis

…choose a new site if in doubt Cellulitis over the insertion site Change the puncture site Preparation and equipment Ultrasound with a curved array probe…

Status epilepticus: quick reference for emergency treatment

…adequate step 1 and step 2 Refractory status: contact anaesthesia, intensive care and neurology; intubate as needed and start anaesthetic treatment with EEG After clinical…

ACE Inhibitor Cough and Angioedema: Practical Management

…and afferent neural pathways in causing chronic refractory cough, akin to chronic neuropathic pain. This syndrome presents with a dry or minimally productive cough and…

Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Risk Stratification and Reperfusion

…Features associated with an unfavourable short term prognosis include: Tachycardia Low systolic blood pressure Respiratory insufficiency, manifested by tachypnoea and/or low arterial oxygen saturation…

Cardiac amyloidosis

…pulse pressure, an elevated jugular venous pressure with a paradoxical rise on inspiration (Kussmaul sign), and a difficult to palpate apex beat [10]. Despite congestive…

Aberrant ventricular conduction (aberrancy, aberration)

…which is conducted with aberration. The supraventricular impulse reaches the His Purkinje system while the right bundle branch is still refractory and therefore blocks the…

Assessment of Pacemaker Malfunction

…Figure 5. Failure to capture during the refractory period. Figure 6. Tachyarrhythmia with ventricular pacing. Failure to capture Definition : pacing does not result in myocardial…

Anaphylaxis: quick reference for emergency management

…fluid and early contact with anaesthesia or intensive care Refractory anaphylaxis Persisting airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise despite two adequate intramuscular doses of adrenaline and…

Electrical cardioversion

…dealt with before the atria begin to contract again. An unsynchronised shock that happens to fall in the T wave can precipitate ventricular fibrillation, and…

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