…The increasing prevalence of refractory angina reflects population ageing and improved survival among patients with CAD following advances in anti ischaemic treatment and coronary revascularization…

…the heart cannot provide blood flow commensurate with the body’s requirements, or can do so only at the expense of abnormally high filling pressures…

…paracentesis 1. Scan the left lower quadrant. Confirm at least 2–3 cm of free fluid depth with no bowel in the path of the…

…1 and step 2 Refractory status: contact anaesthesia, intensive care and neurology; intubate as needed and start anaesthetic treatment with EEG After clinical cessation of…

…role of sensitized sensory nerve endings and afferent neural pathways in causing chronic refractory cough, akin to chronic neuropathic pain. This syndrome presents with a…

…haemodynamic instability and represents approximately 5–10% of cases. Intermediate high risk PE occurs in haemodynamically stable patients with both RV dysfunction on imaging and…

…most frequent form of CA worldwide [15]. Clinical Presentation and Course Both AL and ATTR CA typically present as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction…

…1 ) it encounters a refractory right bundle branch and therefore the impulse is conducted with right bundle branch block morphology. This is an example of…

…during the refractory period. Figure 6. Tachyarrhythmia with ventricular pacing. Failure to capture Definition : pacing does not result in myocardial activation. Two types of failure…

…corticosteroids, inhaled bronchodilators and nebulised adrenaline never replace intramuscular adrenaline [1,2]. Delayed administration of adrenaline is associated with more severe and more protracted reactions…

…with risk factors; cardioversion between 24 and 48 hours without ongoing anticoagulation is then reserved for patients with a CHA₂DS₂ VA score of 0–1…

…for. Ventilation In ARDS: a tidal volume of 4–8 mL/kg ideal body weight, a plateau pressure ≤ 30 cmH₂O, a driving pressure ≤ 15 cmH₂O…

…for sedation, analgesia and control of shivering. Procedure 1. Start temperature management early — within the first hour after ROSC, in parallel with coronary angiography, the…

…the management of acute coronary syndromes with persistent ST segment elevations (i.e STEMI, ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction). 1 Initial diagnosis of STEMI…

…mechanical circulatory support Refractory advanced disease Consider palliative care Right ventricular failure is characterized by increased right atrial and right ventricular pressures with systemic congestion…

…group is associated with high mortality when malperfusion or rupture develops; surgery or endovascular treatment is therefore generally favoured within 14 days of symptom onset…

…arteries. It frequently coexists with left main coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous…

…symptoms are severe, refractory to guideline directed medical therapy, occur at a low level of exertion, or are associated with high event risk. The apparent…

…detection of prescribed drugs in blood or urine. The terms “controlled resistant hypertension,” referring to blood pressure controlled with four or more medications, and “refractory…

…or detection of prescribed medications in blood or urine samples. In patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate below 30 mL/min/1.73 m2…

…and young adults with congenital heart disease. Initiation Strategies Because of its ability to significantly prolong the QT interval and cause torsades de pointes or…

…one being refractory and the other capable of conducting the impulse, re entry may arise. This is illustrated in Figure 1 (study this figure carefully…

…al it was reported that early repolarization was associated with 3–5 times as great a risk of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac arrest…

…the effects of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) was compared to conventional CPR in patients with refractory out of hospital cardiac arrest. Patients aged 18 to…

…reaches the atrioventricular node (or bundle of His) while it is completely refractory, the impulse will be blocked and no QRS complex appears. Figure 1…

…1 block can be viewed as a tendency to exhaust the conduction capacity. It starts with the successful conduction of an atrial impulse (either with…