…directly to an exercise ECG test without repeating the resting ECG. B: Repeat the ECG after mild aerobic activity. C: Immediately refer to a heart…

…available. Do not then try "by feel" — refer to ENT. Relative — a low threshold for referral: Marked swelling or inflammation around the object. A small…

…Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide a detailed description of the physical examination maneuvers specific to the evaluation of patients requiring…

…food. Administering a 60 mg loading dose on an empty stomach may provide the fastest onset of effect. Do not crush or split the tablet …

…instructing a layperson to perform chest compressions on an unconscious individual. The potential benefit outweighs the risks. Several studies have demonstrated that bystander CPR performed…

…basis for intervention. The source material does not provide a distinct symptom profile, physical examination pattern or biomarker signature specific to CTOs. Evaluation and physical…

…hypertension is elevated blood pressure attributable to a specific, identifiable underlying cause. It should be considered in every patient with newly diagnosed or referred hypertension…

…Whenever oxygen demand exceeds oxygen (blood) delivery ischemia occurs and this manifests with chest discomfort referred to as angina pectoris. If the physical activity ceases…

…arrhythmias. While a detailed understanding of these mechanisms is not essential for all clinicians, it is reasonable to acquire an understanding of the overarching concepts…

…equipped with an increasing number of methods to interrogate organ structure and function. Ultrasound imaging, including echocardiography, has become a standard tool for clinicians worldwide…

…an artificial pacemaker in order to be able to continue drug therapy. It is very common that patients with bradycardia have a strong indication for…

…During physical activity, mitral stenosis may become symptomatic already at 2.5 cm 2 . A normal mitral valve has an area of 4 to 6…

…ventricle. The abnormal ventricular depolarization will cause an abnormal repolarization. For this reason, these ST T changes are referred to as secondary ST T changes…

…Historically referred to as coronary thrombosis, the term myocardial infarction ultimately prevailed. The need for a standardized global definition led to early efforts by the…

…interval should be adjusted for heart rate. Long QT interval causes long QT syndrome An abnormally prolonged QTc interval is referred to as long QT…

…deaths is attributed to CVD. The cardiovascular burden in women includes coronary heart disease, heart failure and stroke; the lifetime risk for a 40 year…

…modalities for the evaluation of coronary artery disease (refer to Evaluation of coronary artery disease and angina pectoris). Yet, exercise stress testing provides a fundamental…

…uncontrolled hypertension. Recent intracranial haemorrhage without a fresh assessment of benefit and risk. An inability to attend for sampling and follow up — relative, but in…

…Tissue loss, ulcers and gangrene may develop. In patients with CLTI, early recognition and referral to a vascular team are essential for limb salvage. Acu

…A brief, structured intervention should be used whenever smoking is identified. During encounters with smokers, “very brief advice” can initiate discussion and promote referral to…

…are concealed. A recurrent unclear wide or narrow complex tachycardia in which the mechanism needs to be documented before referral to an arrhythmia unit. Assessment…

…It must not stay on for longer than 20–30 minutes. Procedure Paronychia — incision and drainage 1. A digital block if the abscess is more…

…note that bradycardia due to dysfunction in the sinoatrial node is referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs of…

…a unique ability to spontaneously depolarize. Thus, the cells of the sinus node are capable of spontaneously discharging an action potential. This ability is referred…

…Duplicate therapy. Check that the patient is not simultaneously on a DOAC, low molecular weight heparin and an antiplatelet agent without an indication. Interactions: strong…

…used for pacing and sensing. Figure 2. Pacemaker lead. Lead fixation to the myocardium may be active , meaning that the cathode consists of a screw…

…The incidence is 10–34% among patients with premature ventricular contractions and/or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia who are referred for electrophysiological evaluation (Hasdemir et al…

…QRS complex does not possess a Q wave, regardless of the appearance of the QRS complex. All positive waves are referred to as R waves…

…the fact that T wave inversions do occur after an ischemic episode, and these T wave inversions are referred to as post ischemic T waves …

…ventricles. Although it may not always include a Q wave, R wave and S wave, it is still referred to as a QRS complex . In…

…several electrodes. The standard ECG – which is referred to as a 12 lead ECG since it includes 12 leads – is obtained using 10 electrodes. These…

…a phenomenon referred to as myocardial stunning . This is a protective mechanism since the cessation of contractions leads to a marked reduction in cell metabolism…

…along their long axis. This cell architecture is referred to as a syncytium , which implies that the entire network of cells functions as one unit…

Info This drug manual is provided for use in patients with hypertensive emergency (also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is…

…activation) of the ventricles. It is always referred to as the "QRS complex" although it may not always display all three waves. Since the electrical…

Cardiology This drug manual is provided for use in patients with hypertensive emergency (also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is…

…is the same. The sinoatrial (SA) node is the heart’s pacemaker under normal circumstances and the rhythm is referred to as sinus rhythm . Hence…

…hypercalcemia and hypothermia The J wave – also referred to as Osborn's wave – is defined as a wave occurring at the J point ( Figure 1…

…thus produce a wide QRS complex (QRS duration ≥0.12 s). Refer to Figure 1 for an example. The premature ventricular impulse replaces a sinus…

…artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris , has traditionally been defined and managed as a distinct clinical entity. The hallmark of stable…

…artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris , has traditionally been defined and managed as a distinct clinical entity. The hallmark of stable…

…is referred to as the Cabrera format and it has been the existing standard in Sweden for over 30 years. Let's have a look…

…QRS duration Hypertrophy may cause a slight prolongation of the QRS duration because it takes longer to depolarize the large ventricular mass. It does not…

…characteristics & clinical implications A sinoatrial arrest occurs when the sinoatrial node does not discharge an impulse for ≥2 seconds. Failure to discharge an impulse within…

Conduction defects ECG Fascicular block (hemiblock): left anterior fascicular block & left posterior fascicular block Fascicular blocks were previously referred to as hemiblocks, but the latter…

…to Introduction to AV Blocks). The term block is somewhat imprecise in the context of first degree AV block, as it does not represent a…

…A normal functioning AV node should not develop AV block when treated with beta blockers. Persisting bradycardia AV block AV block Definition Indication for pacing…

…Sinoatrial (SA) block implies that the impulses discharged in the sinoatrial node are either not conducted to the atria or are so with a delay…

…curve is calculated automatically by the machine. This area is referred to as the VTI (Velocity Time Integral) , and it measures how far blood travels…

…Remove contaminated clothing and wash the skin after external exposure A low Glasgow Coma Scale is not on its own an absolute indication for intubation…

…hypertension have essential hypertension , also referred to as primary hypertension . Essential hypertension is defined as hypertension without an identifiable underlying cause. Researchers previously believed that…

…is the Japanese word for a kind of octopus trap (the left ventricle takes the shape of that octopus trap). Refer to Figure 1 and…

…PSVT does not have any clinical relevance and it may lead to misunderstanding. Use of the term PSVT is therefore not recommended. Synonyms for AVNRT…

…This is largely due to the fact that a universal definition of early repolarization is still lacking. Consequently, ECG criteria for early repolarization have varied…

…are therefore referred to as the Sgarbossa criteria. However, all such criteria remain, at best, suboptimal. Clinical judgment remains a more reliable tool for evaluating…

…will differ from the emitted sound waves. The change in frequency is referred to as the Doppler effect . The Doppler effect was first described in…

…condition is referred to as atrioventricular (AV) dissociation. Importantly, for the ventricles to have any electrical (and thus pumping) activity at all, an escape rhythm…

…this is called a respiratory Q wave, because its amplitude varies with respiration. Lead III may also display small Q waves (not related to respiration)…

…diastolic function is also fundamental to global cardiac function. Diastolic dysfunction results in a special type of heart failure, referred to as heart failure with…

…caused by a complete coronary artery occlusion, which results in the complete stop of blood flow and thus more extensive myocardial ischemia (referred to as…