…with total and cardiovascular mortality ( Curtis et al ). Among patients with coronary heart disease, left ventricular function is actually a stronger predictor of death than…

…cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, advanced age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, etc – are the most important risk factors for poor outcomes. The vast majority of infections…

…occur because elevated left sided filling pressures are transmitted to the pulmonary circulation. Persistent pulmonary vascular disease can lead to right ventricular strain and dysfunction…

…about 0.2% in the reperfusion era. Clinical presentation and symptoms A new episode of hypotension, recurrent chest pain, pulmonary congestion, a new cardiac murmur…

…Pneumonia, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax and acute coronary syndrome must be actively considered [1]. Do the following early: 1. Assess airway, work of breathing…

…congestive heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD…

…of the fetal circulation; pulmonary resistance is high (which means that resistance in the pulmonary artery is high), whereas resistance in the systemic circulation (and…

…of the fetal circulation; pulmonary resistance is high (which means that resistance in the pulmonary artery is high), whereas resistance in the systemic circulation (and…

…2% of the population and leads to gradual prolapse of the valve leaflets (Figure 1). Rheumatic heart disease is the leading cause of mitral regurgitation…

…the pulmonary circulation, causing pulmonary hypertension (PH). Additionally, pulmonary hypertension can propagate further backward to the right ventricle and right atrium, leading to right heart…

…of cases), obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD), sedentary lifestyle, and atrial fibrillation (AF) [5] . Unlike HFrEF, where epicardial ischemic heart disease…

…with age and are higher in patients with impaired renal function, reflecting both reduced clearance and the high prevalence of structural heart disease in this…

…transcatheter intervention, with temporary mechanical circulatory support (MCS) considered as a bridge. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Symptoms of STEMI The usual symptom is severe, prolonged…

…hypotension Heart rate and tachycardia Respiratory rate and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope or altered clinical status Comorbid cardiopulmonary disease…

…venous pressure, pulmonary congestion, peripheral edema and body weight, often within days. However, diuretic treatment has not been shown formally to reduce heart failure mortality;…

…patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), progression of right heart failure may indicate the need for inodilator therapy. Furthermore, acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock…

…Presence of potentially serious arrhythmias – due to the risk of circulatory collapse. Decompensated heart failure – due to the risk of circulatory collapse and arrhythmias Pulmonary…

…a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling. It generally results from accumulation of pericardial fluid…

…Unprotected Left Main Disease : Increases complexity and risk. Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) : Indicates systemic atherosclerosis. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) : Associated with higher perioperative risk…

…and pericarditis Coronary or large vessel arteritis Pulmonary arterial vasculopathy and pulmonary hypertension Arterial and venous thrombosis Valvular heart disease Cardiac dysrhythmias Arterial stiffness and…

…counselling and, where appropriate, molecular testing. The approach is particularly relevant to cardiomyopathies, channelopathies, heritable aortopathies, selected congenital heart diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension and thromboembolic…

…not be regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across the full range of LVEF, and echocardiographic measurement is subject to…

…of diseases and medications may cause sinus tachycardia; e.g congestive heart failure, lung disease (e.g COPD), fever, infections, anemia, myocardial ischemia/infarction, pulmonary…

…min). Patients with mild to moderate heart failure, kidney or liver disease, especially when combined with diuretics (risk of fluid retention and impaired kidney function)…

…LVEDP and LAP, which in turn results in pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema. Table 1. Causes of aortic regurgitation Bicuspid aortic valve Rheumatic heart disease…

…and non responders. Left heart disease is the most common risk factor for PH. It produces postcapillary PH through elevation of left atrial and pulmonary…

…or pulmonary disease, a pulse ≥ 110/min, a systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg and a saturation < 90 per cent. An sPESI of 0…

…of the pulmonary valve and, subsequently, narrowing of the valvular orifice. Carcinoid heart disease may also lead to endocardial fibrosis. Rheumatic heart disease Sinus of…

…pulmonary regurgitation is a normal echocardiographic finding that requires no further investigation. Table 1. Causes of pulmonary regurgitation Pulmonary hypertension Endocarditis Myxoma Carcinoid heart disease…

…Decompensated heart failure Acute pulmonary embolism, pulmonary infarction, or deep vein thrombosis Acute myocarditis or pericarditis Acute aortic dissection Physical disability that precludes safe and…

…corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion [3] . Within this spectrum, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction…

…rationale for disease modifying treatment is to reduce mortality, prevent recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure, and improve symptoms, functional capacity and quality of life…

…of care and on whether intubation is appropriate, documented before treatment begins. Procedure 1. Treat the underlying cause in parallel. Nitroglycerin and diuretics in pulmonary…

…cardiac and systemic disorders, including: Cardiac causes Systemic causes Heart failure Sepsis Myocarditis Chronic kidney disease Cardiomyopathy Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo syndrome Pulmonary embolism…

…of cardiac arrest with a separate category for cardiac etiologies. Cause Definition Medical cause Includes cardiac arrest caused by heart disease, other medical conditions (pulmonary…

…identify significant valve disease, cardiomyopathy, hypertrophy, LV dysfunction, or other pathology that could affect the safety or interpretation of the examination. Evaluation and Physical Examination…

…pulmonary infarction, and a history of pain exacerbation with inspiration, along with a pleural friction rub, helps differentiate it from angina pectoris [5]. 5. Pulmonary…

…holds true for cardiac arrests caused by chronic or acute ischemic heart disease, it is often not true in other circumstances (e.g. pulmonary embolism…

…a lower suspicion of obstructive disease. Patients with no plaque or stenosis on CCTA should be reassured, and non atherosclerotic causes of symptoms should be…

…the abnormality through increased myocardial contractility and heart rate. Coronary compression and a Venturi or “suction” effect have been proposed as mechanisms of inducible ischaemia…

…is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation or intubation. Aortic disease An acute aortic dissection…

…Causes of ectopic atrial tachycardia and ectopic atrial rhythm Side effect of digoxin. Heart failure. Lung disease (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, etc). Ischemic heart disease (coronary…

…include: Palpitations and awareness of an irregular or rapid heartbeat Dyspnoea and worsening pulmonary congestion Reduced exercise capacity Symptoms or signs of heart failure Haemodynamic…

…for the 5 serious etiologies Family history (focus on ischemic heart disease, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax). Hypertension. Smoking. Dyslipidemia (hyperlipidemia). Obesity and/or diabetes…

…heart rate is needed for the test to be conclusive. For assessment of function and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease and evaluation of…

…echocardiography. Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy Lung disease (with increased pulmonary vascular resistance), congenital heart disease (transposition of the great arteries, pulmonary valve stenosis, atrial…

…with asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dyspnea has been reported in patients treated with ticagrelor. Patients with a history of ischemic stroke can be…

…must also be evaluated. The pulmonary, aortic and mitral valve must also be evaluated, particularly in the setting of rheumatic valvular disease. The regurgitation is…

…reading The cuff at heart level Measure in both arms at the first visit; a difference 15 mmHg suggests vascular disease, and the arm with…

…the disease early in the course. Hemodynamic effects of constrictive pericarditis Diastolic heart failure and right heart failure The rigid pericardium prevents all four heart…

…is titrated slowly. Caution in acute heart failure and in obstructive airways disease Verapamil or diltiazem When a beta blocker is contraindicated, for example in…

…LAD may suggest underlying left heart disease in patients being evaluated for pulmonary hypertension [16]. Causes of Left and Right Axis Deviation Based on the…

…Gonzalo; Baumgartner, Helmut et al. (2012): Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). In European heart journal 33 (19), pp. 2451–2496…

…syndrome 2.0–10.0 μg/min Safe for peripheral use 0 +++++ +++++ 0 Powerful chronotropic and inotropic effect. Potent systemic vasodilation. Mild pulmonary vasodilation…

…syndrome 2.0–10.0 μg/min Safe for peripheral use 0 +++++ +++++ 0 Powerful chronotropic and inotropic effect. Potent systemic vasodilation. Mild pulmonary vasodilation…

…points Levosimendan alleviates heart failure symptoms, increases cardiac output, and lowers pulmonary artery pressure without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. The inotropic effect of levosimendan is…

…incidence of pulmonary embolism has increased in recent decades. Potential explanations for this trend include an ageing population, increased incidence and prevalence of cancer, heart…

…the hearts longitudinal axis (to the left and downwards). Figure 38 shows the coordinate system where the green area displays the range of normal heart…

…longitudinal axis (to the left and downwards). Figure 38 shows the coordinate system where the green area displays the range of the normal heart axis…

…Indications Pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure. Angina pectoris. Hypertension, hypertensive crisis/emergency. Pulmonary hypertension. Blood pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroprusside provides nitric oxide (NO…