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Neutropenic fever: quick reference for emergency management

…quick reference applies chiefly to adults with neutropenia related to cancer treatment. Children, pregnant women, patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and patients treated with…

In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…of foamy macrophages. The occurrence of neoatherosclerosis helps explain why ISR and other stent related events may arise well after the initial intervention. Mechanical mechanisms…

Drugs in the emergency setting

…treatment review. For a fuller account of two of the commonest acute drug problems, see Warfarin therapy and Opioid therapy in severe pain. Cardiac arrest…

Urinary catheterisation

…can be hard to find in older women. Two things separate the safe catheterisation from the harmful one: never forcing against resistance, and never catheterising…

Heart failure: Causes, types, diagnosis, treatments & management

…failure Heart failure is a major public health problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by…

Heart failure: Introduction

…failure Heart failure is a major public health problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by…

Pulmonary embolism: quick reference for risk stratification and treatment

…unless there is an absolute contraindication. The agent and dose are according to the local protocol. Alternatives when there is a contraindication: catheter directed treatment…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

…plumbing problem characterized by the gradual accumulation of inert cholesterol debris, modern vascular biology has redefined atherosclerosis as a dynamic, immune mediated fibroproliferative response to…

Blood transfusion and massive haemorrhage

…massive haemorrhage a second problem is added: transfusion saves no one whose bleeding is not stopped, and it is the time to haemorrhage control that…

Lung function and respiration

…age, height and ethnicity — not against absolute figures. Since 2022 the z score with a lower limit of normal at z = −1.64 (the…

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