…the condition has been corrected Marked coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia Routine plasma or platelets are not needed — the INR does not predict bleeding risk in paracentesis…

…a normal value does not exclude significant blood loss. Massive haemorrhage meeting the criteria for activation of the massive transfusion protocol. Plasma and platelets: in…

…glucose + plasma urea All concentrations are given in mmol/L and the result in mosm/kg. Urea is included in the total osmolality but not…

…amyloidosis [8, 15]. AL Amyloidosis: This is a plasma cell dyscrasia in which abnormal plasma cells produce misfolded immunoglobulin light chains [8, 19]. Light chains…

…calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces…

…calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces…

…syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased, relatively autonomous from angiotensin II and plasma potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading…

…A normal ECG does not exclude dangerous hyperkalaemia. Record a 12 lead ECG and start cardiac monitoring at a plasma potassium above 6.0 mmol…

…least 10 units of red cells in 24 hours [5]. A continuing transfusion requirement while definitive control of the bleeding has not yet been achieved…

…The local stroke protocol and immediate contact with the on call stroke consultant or the thrombectomy centre take precedence where there is a discrepancy or…

…respectively. Pharmacokinetics and Administration Technique Adenosine is extensively and rapidly cleared from the plasma by cellular uptake into erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. It is…

…transfusion requirement. A normal haemoglobin early on does not exclude major bleeding. In acute blood loss, plasma and red cells are lost simultaneously, which means…

…The resulting glucosuria and natriuresis reduce proximal tubular workload, contract plasma volume and modestly lower blood pressure. Increased sodium delivery to the macula densa restores…

…ventricles. This increases the automaticity in cells with natural automaticity but it may also provoke abnormal automaticity in cells that normally do not exhibit automaticity…

…low plasma glucose during the symptoms. 3. Resolution of the symptoms when the glucose is normalised [3]. A healthy person without diabetes therefore does not…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Manage the patient, not the list of poisons. Stabilisation according to ABCDE, the plasma glucose, a blood gas and an ECG…

…pathophysiology Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent…

…The aim is to relieve the cerebral oedema quickly, not to normalise the plasma sodium. Chronic or minimally symptomatic hyponatraemia must be corrected in a…

…on the drug chart. Glucose targets on the ward Situation Target plasma glucose : : Most inpatients 6–10 mmol/L Frail older people, a short expected…

…to 50 times those found in plasma. Plasma clearance is low, renal excretion is negligible, and doses do not require reduction in patients with renal…

…L (women 10–150) An acute phase protein — a normal ferritin does not exclude iron deficiency in the presence of inflammation Transferrin saturation 15–50 %…

…The hypotensive effect of enalaprilat depends on plasma volume and plasma renin activity. Volume depletion and high plasma renin activity increase the effect of enalaprilat…

…Consequently, the plasma apoB concentration approximates the number of circulating atherogenic particles rather than the amount of cholesterol carried within them. Most apoB containing particles…

…peripherally to enhance vagal tone. These sympatho inhibitory effects decrease serum norepinephrine levels, plasma renin levels, and potentially aldosterone levels. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms In…

…plasma concentrations of the two peptides are not interchangeable. Natriuretic peptide concentrations reflect haemodynamic stress, but their release is not specific to left ventricular systolic…

…a compensatory increase in hepatic LDL receptor expression, accelerating clearance of circulating LDL particles and lowering plasma LDL C. Statin therapy also produces a modest…

…statin therapy at the highest tolerated dose. Addition of ezetimibe if the LDL C target is not achieved. Addition of a PCSK9 inhibitor when the…

…not GFR Iohexol clearance The reference method for cytotoxic drug dosing and donor assessment For drug dosing: check which measure the dosing recommendation is based…

…of known HPA suppression to determine whether replacement can be stopped. The test is not the first line investigation in a suspected acute crisis. There…

…consciousness. Urgent EEG if the patient does not wake or if ongoing electrographic seizure activity is suspected Benzodiazepines are the established first line treatment. Intravenous…

…cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Stroke Contraindications Cross reactivity: Do not administer to patients with a history of asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria…

…stress Vascular dysfunction Promotion of vascular calcification Albuminuria and proteinuria Neurohormonal activation Plasma volume expansion Myocardial remodelling and fibrosis These processes form part of the…

…can potentially be reversed if interventions are promptly instituted. In scenarios where an antidote is not available, it is essential to provide supportive care and…

…changes. Specific electrolyte disorders 1. Sodium Increased (hypernatremia) and decreased (hyponatremia) sodium levels do not have any effect on the ECG, nor cardiac rhythm, or…

…without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. The inotropic effect of levosimendan is not affected by the concurrent use of beta blockers. The vasodilating effect reduces preload…

…during physical exertion). Therefore, to judge whether the QT interval is normal or not, one must adjust for the current heart rate. This is done…

…performed. Note that troponins may be elevated but the elevation is typically discrete and not on a par with the degree of left ventricular impairment…