…Each atherogenic lipoprotein particle carries one apoB molecule. Consequently, the plasma apoB concentration approximates the number of circulating atherogenic particles rather than the amount of…

…the ward Situation Target plasma glucose : : Most inpatients 6–10 mmol/L Frail older people, a short expected survival, a high risk of hypoglycaemia 8…

…pathophysiology Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent…

…a high risk even if the plasma potassium is below 6.5 mmol/L. Conversely, patients with chronic renal failure may have very high values…

…of poisons. Stabilisation according to ABCDE, the plasma glucose, a blood gas and an ECG all come before complete identification of the substance. Treatment of…

… sotagliflozin is a related dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor. SGLT2 is a high capacity, low affinity transporter situated in the S1 and S2 segments of the…

…A very high glucose value is no longer required [1]. Diabetic ketoacidosis, DKA Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state, HHS : : : Glucose Plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L or…

…disease Stage eGFR Description : : : G1 ≥ 90 Normal or high G2 60–89 Mildly reduced G3a 45–59 Mildly to moderately reduced G3b 30–44 Moderately…

…The hypotensive effect of enalaprilat depends on plasma volume and plasma renin activity. Volume depletion and high plasma renin activity increase the effect of enalaprilat…

…sodium pump. Digoxin binds reversibly to a specific high affinity site on the extracytoplasmic face of the alpha subunit of the Na+ K+ ATPase. This…

…a compensatory increase in hepatic LDL receptor expression, accelerating clearance of circulating LDL particles and lowering plasma LDL C. Statin therapy also produces a modest…

…< 3 mg/L Rises within 6–8 h, half life about 19 h ESR Women < 20, men < 15 mm/h Rises slowly…

…90 minutes for NT proBNP. Consequently, plasma concentrations of the two peptides are not interchangeable. Natriuretic peptide concentrations reflect haemodynamic stress, but their release is…

…from cardiovascular disease. Pharmacological PCSK9 inhibition increases the effective availability of hepatic LDL receptors and thereby enhances LDL C removal from plasma. Two principal therapeutic…

…Warfarin Vitamin K Fresh frozen plasma Prothrombin complex concentrate Actions in suspected poisoning and cardiac arrest Promptly contact the closest intensive care unit (ICU) possessing…

…methotrexate, increasing plasma levels and risk of toxicity. Avoid combination with high dose methotrexate. Digoxin and lithium: Acetylsalicylic acid inhibits renal excretion, increasing plasma levels…

…blood pressure by inhibiting ACE. Effects • The hypotensive effect of enalaprilat depends on plasma volume and plasma renin activity. Volume depletion and high plasma renin

…respectively. Pharmacokinetics and Administration Technique Adenosine is extensively and rapidly cleared from the plasma by cellular uptake into erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. It is…

…which abnormal plasma cells produce misfolded immunoglobulin light chains [8, 19]. Light chains are directly toxic to cardiomyocytes, inducing the elaboration of high levels of…

…stress Vascular dysfunction Promotion of vascular calcification Albuminuria and proteinuria Neurohormonal activation Plasma volume expansion Myocardial remodelling and fibrosis These processes form part of the…

…ST segment depression due to digoxin treatment. Adverse effects of digoxin The incidence of adverse drug reactions is high, owing to the narrow therapeutic index…

…blood pressure by inhibiting ACE. Effects • The hypotensive effect of enalaprilat depends on plasma volume and plasma renin activity. Volume depletion and high plasma renin

Endokrinologi & metabolism Akutsjukvård Lathundar Emergency overview Measure the plasma glucose immediately in everyone with a reduced level of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour…

…The aim is to relieve the cerebral oedema quickly, not to normalise the plasma sodium. Chronic or minimally symptomatic hyponatraemia must be corrected in a…

…plasma concentrations correlate well with oral doses, averaging approximately 0.5 mg/L (0.5 µg/mL) for each 100 mg/day at doses between…

…syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased, relatively autonomous from angiotensin II and plasma potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading…

…3. Assess airway, breathing and circulation. 4. Measure the plasma glucose immediately. 5. Perform the NIHSS and document which symptoms are disabling. 6. Measure the…

…crossmatch (MG test) Serological crossmatching between the recipient's plasma and the red cells of the individual donor unit When irregular antibodies have been demonstrated…

…the communication and the simultaneous delivery of red cells, plasma and platelets. Observational data from trauma suggest a lower overall mortality after such protocols are…

…bleeding Refrain until the condition has been corrected Marked coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia Routine plasma or platelets are not needed — the INR does not predict bleeding…

…related rise in cortisol. 3. Take the baseline sample : cortisol and plasma ACTH. The ACTH sample is taken before the injection and handled chilled. 4…

…the initial sympathetic response can give way to hypotension, hypoxia, hypoglycaemia and circulatory failure [5]. Plasma glucose immediately Check the capillary or venous glucose i

…In acute blood loss, plasma and red cells are lost simultaneously, which means the haemoglobin can be normal before fluid has redistributed or been given…

…These are of utmost clinical significance. There is a rather strong correlation between plasma potassium level and ECG changes, as well as the risk of…

…infusion. This delayed onset is attributable to its active metabolite, which reaches maximum plasma concentration approximately 48 hours after the infusion has been completed. Furthermore…

…without U waves are preferred. Calculate the mean QT interval for each lead and use the longest QT interval obtained. Large U waves that are…

…function and catecholamine toxicity. The latter theory is corroborated by the finding that 75% of patients have increased plasma levels of catecholamines. References A recent…