…Smoking. Dyslipidemia (hyperlipidemia). Obesity and/or diabetes. Psychosocial stress. Alcohol abuse. Physical inactivity. Unhealthy diet. Cerebral / peripheral vascular disease. Cancer. Acute coronary syndromes cause symptoms…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Clinical Rationale Physical activity comprises bodily movement that increases energy expenditure, including walking, household tasks, active commuting and recreational activities…

…Hemodynamics is the study of blood flow dynamics. The physical laws that govern blood flow are fundamental in echocardiography. Conventional two dimensional (2D) echocardiography and…

Cardiology Indications for pharmacologic agents Pharmacologic stress tests are indicated in the following scenarios: Inability to exercise due to physical limitations. Contraindications to exercise, such…

Echocardiography Basic sound and ultrasound physics Unlike light waves, which can propagate through vacuum, sound waves can only propagate through a physical medium. This medium…

…with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering from myocardial infarction. It extends beyond exercise training to incorporate individualized physical activity counselling, risk factor modification, nutritional care…

…history (with emphasis on causes of AV blocks; please refer to theCauses of AV blocks) and physical examination. It is also reasonable to analyze cardiac…

…hypotension, pneumothorax and respiratory arrest [1]. The first few minutes 1. Sit the patient up and minimise physical exertion. 2. Attach continuous pulse oximetry and…

…Acute aortic dissection. Physical inability to perform the test safely. Relative: Condition Comment : : Left main stenosis Known — perform the test only on a clear indication…

…alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the…

…underlying conditions for which ACE inhibitors are prescribed. Evaluation and Physical Examination Prior to initiating an ACE inhibitor, it is essential to evaluate the patient…

…such as less than 40 to 50 beats per minute in the first 4 to 6 hours after an acute infarction—patients may develop hypotension…

…in their mid 60s or older [10]. Physical examination may reveal a normal or low pulse pressure, an elevated jugular venous pressure with a paradoxical…

…smoking exposure, and physical inactivity. The interaction between these acquired risks and age related cardiovascular remodeling contributes to the high incidence and prevalence of coronary…

…LVEF). Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is defined by the combination of symptoms, with or without physical signs, and an LVEF below 40%…

…toxins (alcohol, cocaine, cancer therapies), or physical reactions (radiation therapy), frequently involves the conduction system. In these conditions, involvement of the AVN and the conduction…

…body composition, fat distribution, skeletal muscle mass, physical fitness or individual health status. In particular, it cannot distinguish adipose tissue from lean mass. Waist circumference…

…diabetes and glycaemic status, body weight, smoking, diet, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption. Additional considerations include psychosocial stress, obstructive sleep apnoea, social determinants of health…

…sotalol is prescribed. Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not cover the baseline physical examination of patients prior to sotalol initiation. Diagnostics Electrocardiography…

…which is synonymous with tachyarrhythmia. Except for sinus tachycardia during physical activity, all tachycardias should be considered pathological and the task is to clarify the…

…s perceived exertion is a way of estimating the intensity of the physical activity. It is based on the subjective physical sensations experienced during exercise…

…to the assessment of exercise capacity. Metabolic equivalents (METs) can be used to estimate the energy cost of physical activity. One metabolic equivalent (1 MET…

…decreases and vice versa. The physiological purpose of this phenomenon is to allow for faster cardiac cycles during tachycardia (e.g during physical exertion). Therefore…

…angina at rest are not suitable candidates for perfusion imaging. Detecting ischemic regions requires provocation using pharmacologic agents or physical exercise. Pharmacologic agents include dipyridamole…

…oxygen supply. The most characteristic manifestation of ischemic heart disease is angina pectoris developing during physical activity; myocardial oxygen demand increases during physical activity, but…

…means that the automaticity is diminished). Chronotropic incompetence (inability of the sinoatrial node to adequately increase its automaticity during physical activity). Sinus arrest & sinus pause…

…of sinus tachycardia are as follows: Normal (physiologic) sinus tachycardia: The automaticity (rate of spontaneous depolarization) in the sinoatrial node is increased during physical activity…

…severe episodes, with concurrent physical illness or after prolonged very high intake More than 90 percent of withdrawal seizures occur within 48 hours. Seizures later…

…in the emergency department with simple equipment. Two principles determine the outcome: the first attempt is the best attempt , and a button battery is an…

…glycopyrronium) 36–48 hours Smoking 1 hour Vigorous physical exertion 30 minutes A large meal 2 hours Withholding applies only to diagnostic spirometry with a…

…major modifiable risk factor. Family history also increases risk, particularly among first degree relatives, with siblings appearing to be especially affected. The principal determinant of…

…point toward gastroesophageal reflux. Physical examination should include a speculum examination of the nose to look for excess mucoid or purulent secretions, inflamed and edematous…

…the T wave is interrupted by a PVC, which serves as the first beat of the polymorphic VT. Sustained episodes may eventually degenerate into ventricular…

…in isolation. The initial diagnosis and triage depend on integration of symptoms, vital signs, the ECG, and serial cardiac troponin measurements. Evaluation and physical examin

…limb salvage. Evaluation and physical examination ALI requires immediate clinical assessment by a vascular specialist or urgent transfer to a facility with vascular expertise. The…

…urgent evaluation for reperfusion treatment. Evaluation and physical examination Initial assessment Risk stratification begins with an immediate search for haemodynamic instability. This determines whether the…

…uncontrolled heart failure, and concomitant valvular disease. Risk factor modification, physical activity, dietary and lifestyle measures, high intensity statin therapy, and appropriate antithrombotic treatment form…

…systole. With auscultatory measurement, it corresponds to the appearance of the first Korotkoff sound. Diastolic blood pressure: the minimum arterial pulsatile pressure during diastole. It…

…or electrocardiographic changes Thromboembolic complications, particularly stroke In ACS, AF may be present before the acute event, detected for the first time during its management…

…obesity and psychosocial factors are associated with a greater cardiovascular impact in women. Obesity, physical inactivity and depression are more common in women. Dyslipidaemia, hypertension…

…neurovascular and brain imaging. Evaluation and Physical Examination Clinical history and examination are the initial components of assessment. The history should include: previous TIA or…

…jaw, neck, or upper back. Chest discomfort triggered by emotional stress. Palpitations associated with physical activity, a large meal, emotional upset, or cold exposure. The…

…acute severe mitral regurgitation, and other mechanical complications. Shock occurs more often when the coronary artery is completely occluded and is particularly associated with MVD…

…that mimics angina pectoris [5]. This pain is thought to result from right ventricular ischemia that develops during physical exertion [5]. Associated Findings: Exertional dyspnea…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Digoxin, a cardiac glycoside first described by William Withering in 1775, is the oldest pharmacologic agent in the heart…

…and physical examination The objective of decongestion is clinical euvolemia rather than an isolated numerical change in weight. Assessment should integrate the history, physical examination…

…premature myocardial infarction, vascular disease or marked hypercholesterolaemia. Physical findings related to cholesterol deposition. Untreated or inadequately treated patients may develop premature CAD. Symptoms therefore…

…clinical context, the diagnosis requires evidence of new myocardial ischaemia, which may manifest through symptoms, ECG changes, or angiographic complications. Evaluation and Physical Examination The

…Initial hs cTn measurement Continuous cardiac monitoring The source material does not provide a detailed list of physical examination findings or a specific examination sequence…

…non HDL C and apolipoprotein B. Causes and secondary contributors A search for secondary contributors is an essential first step. Recognised causes include: Diabetes and…

…Evaluation and physical examination The assessment should establish three complementary features: The severity of LV dysfunction The extent and anatomical distribution of CAD The amount…

…a lesion proximal to the first septal perforator of the left anterior descending artery was associated with lower five year survival than a more distal…

…formation is associated with poor short term prognosis, although early mortality is usually related to the extent of myocardial injury and its complications—shock, reinfarction…

…normal physiological changes of pregnancy. Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide a detailed description of the physical examination maneuvers specific to…

…physical examination pattern or biomarker signature specific to CTOs. Evaluation and physical examination Evaluation should establish: The severity and functional impact of angina or anginal…

…lead to cardiac tamponade or indicate another post AMI complication, including subacute rupture. Evaluation and physical examination The diagnosis of pericarditis is clinical and is…

…prompt repeat ECG acquisition and consideration of additional leads. Evaluation and Physical Examination At first medical contact, assessment should occur concurrently with acquisition of the…

…highly trained athletes in the absence of symptoms. C: Sinus bradycardia should persist with the onset of physical activity. D: Sinus bradycardia with heart rates…

…should not be labelled refractory before further diagnostic evaluation. The underlying endotype must first be defined, because management depends on the mechanism responsible for symptoms…

…diabetes, or chronic kidney disease. Evaluation and Physical Examination The diagnostic assessment should establish that hypertension is genuine, identify potentially remediable causes, assess comorbidities and…