…an important consideration in older populations. Risk prediction is particularly relevant in adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably…

…in ascending order: Method Comment : : A calm environment, time, a slow technique Underestimated. Methods such as Cunningham's work best with no sedation at all…

…or glucagon. In a person without diabetes, a hypoglycaemic disorder is defined primarily by Whipple's triad : 1. Symptoms or signs consistent with hypoglycaemia. 2…

…basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation is to keep the person alive until resources and skills to provide ACLS arrive. However, rapid administration of BLS in the event…

…least half its diameter. Too small an incision is the commonest technical error. 4. Cut straight into the cavity with a no. 11 scalpel until…

…patients in whom death must be confirmed after a 20 minute no touch period, for example after poisoning, since this is not compatible with a…

…altitude or wind. A gradual progression is particularly important in previously sedentary individuals and those with chronic disease. Increasing frequency and duration before substantially increasing…

…A supraglottic airway is a reasonable alternative if a tracheal tube cannot be established. Nasopharyngeal airways may cause complications in patients with skull fractures (risk…

…median age in OHCA is 70 years in Sweden, 66 years in Europe (EuReCA) and 65 years in the United States. No trends, with regard…

…high value As required, in addition to the mealtime dose Never stop basal insulin in a person with type 1 diabetes , not even before fasting…

…in the sinoatrial node is referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs of SND is symptomatic, the condition is…

…in the sinoatrial node is referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs of SND is symptomatic, the condition is…

…interval is increased after a premature ventricular complex). This yields more time to fill the ventricles with blood (increased ventricular filling). The person with premature…

…when the diagnosis is based on HbA1c. Albumin affects the total calcium — use the ionised calcium or correct for albumin. Biotin supplements interfere with many…

…together with a full blood count, INR, APTT and fibrinogen. 7. Give tranexamic acid where it is indicated. 8. Proceed in parallel to definitive control…

…of no flow and low flow times in registries. The uncertainty is often obvious when interrogating witnesses, bystanders and health care professionals. The person may…

…be used for selection with an unknown time of onset when MRI is immediately available and does not delay treatment Saturation Give oxygen in hypoxia…

…radiotherapy. In the "can't intubate, can't oxygenate" situation there are no contraindications — a laryngeal mask is inserted even with a full stomach. Preparation…

…their courses in accordance with official guidelines (ERC, AHA, ACC). The chain of survival EARLY RECOGNITION OF CARDIAC ARREST If no medical professional is nearby…

…The ECG shows irregular waves with varying morphology and amplitude. No P wave, QRS complex or T wave can be seen. This is pathognomonic (unique)…

…Agatston score Calcium score in each coronary vessel Age , sex , and race based percentile Comparison with the expected score for a person of the same…

…COMMENT 6 No exertion at all 7 7.5 Extremely light exertion 8 9 Very light exertion For a healthy person, 9 is equivalent to…

…located in the subendocardium during exercise; this manifests with ST segment depressions with upsloping ST segment during exercise but the person is asymptomatic). No changes…

…be confused with f waves seen in atrial fibrillation ) which gives the baseline a saw tooth appearance. Atrial flutter is the only diagnosis causing this…

…individuals with atrial fibrillation are asymptomatic (they have no symptoms). In such individuals, screening with ECG may reveal atrial fibrillation. Unfortunately, atrial fibrillation is too…

…cardiovascular mortality. The condition is very common among individuals with heart failure. Notably, beta blockers actually increase chronotropic competency in patients with heart failure, despite…

…after a meal; that thus excited, it is accompanied with a sensation, which threatens instant death if the motion is persisted in; and, that on…

…RR interval is prolonged after a premature beat). This yields more time to fill the ventricles with blood (increased ventricular filling). Persons with premature beats…

…regardless of heart rate) among persons with heart disease. Alternating block (right and left bundle branch block alternating from one beat to another) is uncommon…

…it is fundamental to weigh the risk of terminating drug therapy as compared with implementing an artificial pacemaker in order to be able to continue…

…standardized method to evaluate the anatomical complexity of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables…

…elevated levels of cardiac proteins in the blood. Diagnostic criteria for acute myocardial infarction A diagnosis of myocardial infarction is based on the following three…

…rS complexes. Causes of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) LAFB may occur in persons who are otherwise healthy. The majority of those with LAFB, however…

…completely regular if the person holds the breath. However, sinus arrhythmia may be a pathological finding in some cases. Sinus arrhythmia is not a normal…