…al ). The incidence of treated cardiac arrests outside hospitals (OHCA) is about 70 cases per 100,000 person years in Europe ( EuReCA One, Benjamin et…

…95 % of a healthy reference population, which means that one healthy value in twenty falls outside them . Order twelve tests in a healthy person and…

…of premature ventricular contractions When every other beat on the ECG is a premature ventricular complex (PVC), the rhythm is referred to as PVC in…

…of hypoglycaemia; it can usually be continued Red flags and pitfalls Stopping basal insulin in type 1 diabetes. The single most dangerous prescribing decision on…

…is defined as an unexpected death due to cardiac causes that occur within 1 hour of symptom onset. The person may or may not have…

…malignancy differential Surgeon or mammography Sole of the foot Deep compartments Orthopaedic surgeon Close to large vessels, in the groin or on the neck Bleeding…

…aphasia, hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working age Blood pressure Measure initially in both arms if this does not delay reperfusion treatment…

…the deceased person's own wishes are properly established. Two things determine the outcome — that the confirmation of death is carried out in a formally…

…Proceed in parallel to definitive control of the bleeding. Activate the protocol in Activation must be based on an overall assessment, not on a single…

…strengthening exercise should additionally be performed on at least 2 days each week. Activities need not be undertaken in bouts of at least 10 minutes…

…however, be distinguished from dyspnea which is shortness of breath. Dyspnea may be due to poor exercise capacity (with normal ventilatory capacity and cardiac output)…

…tolerate higher pressures. Lubricant on the dorsal surface of the mask, a syringe for the cuff in the models that have one, a cuff manometer…

…that bradycardia due to dysfunction in the sinoatrial node is referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs of SND…

…for various interventions involved in BLS and ACLS. Intervention BLS or ACLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest BLS 11…

…to keep the person alive until resources and skills to provide ACLS arrive. However, rapid administration of BLS in the event of sudden cardiac arrest…

…pulseless ventricular tachycardia) are mostly due to acute myocardial ischemia or myocardial infarction, and in these cases, the likelihood of ROSC is higher as compared…

…normally need investigation on the basis of an isolated, asymptomatic low sensor reading alone. Symptoms Autonomic symptoms Early warning symptoms are due to sympathetic activation…

…a person of the same age and sex CAC may also reveal extracoronary findings, including pericardial or aortic calcification, pericardial thickening, valvular calcification, and, in…

…form of ischemia located in the subendocardium during exercise; this manifests with ST segment depressions with upsloping ST segment during exercise but the person is…

…intervention has an NNT of 10, then 10 people must be treated to save 1. Thus, the greatest opportunities exist in the first few minutes…

…whereas the arrhythmia is unusual among persons younger than 50 years of age. The overall prevalence in a Western population is 1.0% to 1…

…seen in leads II, III aVF, V1, V2 and V3. The exact appearance of the flutter waves will depend on the location and direction of…

…with the sinus P wave. The appearance depends on the location of the ectopic focus from which the impulse is discharged. If the impulse is…

…of troponins in most normal persons. In 2017 it was possible to detect myocardial infarctions 100 times smaller than what was possible to detect in…

…fascicular block is due to anatomical or functional block in the anterior fascicle. Depolarization of the left ventricle will depend entirely on the posterior fascicle…

…remains the number one killer in most regions worldwide ( Tsao et al .). The New England Journal of Medicine, 1812. Remarks on Angina Pectoris by John…

…could enhance the score's predictive accuracy. The SYNTAX Score remains a cornerstone in the management of complex CAD, providing a structured approach to revascularization…

…that bradycardia due to dysfunction in the sinoatrial node is referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs of SND…

…expiration due to increased vagal tone. This causes the slightly irregular rhythm seen in Figure 1 . The rhythm becomes completely regular if the person holds…

…Anterior shoulder dislocation The commonest of all dislocations. There is a hollow beneath the acromion, the arm is held in slight abduction and external rotation…

…SCORE2 and SCORE2 Older Persons (SCORE2 OP) are European risk prediction models designed to estimate 10 year risk of both fatal and non fatal CVD…

…predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality. The condition is very common among individuals with heart failure. Notably, beta blockers actually increase chronotropic competency in patients…

…However, left bundle branch block morphology is more common (regardless of heart rate) among persons with heart disease. Alternating block (right and left bundle branch…

…Treatment of bradycardia (due to any cause) Benign (physiological) causes of bradycardia (e.g. vasovagal reaction, well trained athletes) need not be treated. When in…