…al ). The incidence of treated cardiac arrests outside hospitals (OHCA) is about 70 cases per 100,000 person years in Europe ( EuReCA One, Benjamin et…

…95 % of a healthy reference population, which means that one healthy value in twenty falls outside them . Order twelve tests in a healthy person and…

…to fill the ventricles with blood (increased ventricular filling). The person with premature beats might perceive this as palpitations, because of the stronger ventricular contractions…

…high value As required, in addition to the mealtime dose Never stop basal insulin in a person with type 1 diabetes , not even before fasting…

…all aggravate the risk of developing ventricular fibrillation, in any situation. ECG features of ventricular fibrillation The ECG shows irregular waves with varying morphology and…

…malignancy differential Surgeon or mammography Sole of the foot Deep compartments Orthopaedic surgeon Close to large vessels, in the groin or on the neck Bleeding…

…version 4 of 27 February 2024. The local stroke protocol and immediate contact with the on call stroke consultant or the thrombectomy centre take precedence…

…deceased — in the donation register, on a donor card, or through statements made to the next of kin. Active malignancy with a risk of transmission…

…contact with the blood bank. 3. Secure large bore access, or rapid central access, but do not delay transfusion or control of the bleeding in…

…strengthening exercise should additionally be performed on at least 2 days each week. Activities need not be undertaken in bouts of at least 10 minutes…

…particularly pronounced on bicycle, and less pronounced on the treadmill. Leg fatigue is, as compared with chest pain and dyspnea, a poor predictor of cardiovascular…

…Lubricant on the dorsal surface of the mask, a syringe for the cuff in the models that have one, a cuff manometer. A videolaryngoscope with…

…due to dysfunction in the sinoatrial node is referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs of SND is symptomatic…

…for various interventions involved in BLS and ACLS. Intervention BLS or ACLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest BLS 11…

…to keep the person alive until resources and skills to provide ACLS arrive. However, rapid administration of BLS in the event of sudden cardiac arrest…

…Most current protocols for ECMO exclude patients presenting with asystole or PEA. Duration of cardiac arrest : In cases where cardiac arrest is caused by myocardial…

…or glucagon. In a person without diabetes, a hypoglycaemic disorder is defined primarily by Whipple's triad : 1. Symptoms or signs consistent with hypoglycaemia. 2…

…score Calcium score in each coronary vessel Age , sex , and race based percentile Comparison with the expected score for a person of the same age…

…form of ischemia located in the subendocardium during exercise; this manifests with ST segment depressions with upsloping ST segment during exercise but the person is…

…instructors who design their courses in accordance with official guidelines (ERC, AHA, ACC). The chain of survival EARLY RECOGNITION OF CARDIAC ARREST If no medical…

…whereas the arrhythmia is unusual among persons younger than 50 years of age. The overall prevalence in a Western population is 1.0% to 1…

…2:1 block. In typical cases of atrial flutter, the atrial rate is around 300 beats per minute with a 2:1 block, which yields…

…appearance), as compared with the sinus P wave. The appearance depends on the location of the ectopic focus from which the impulse is discharged. If…

…requires elevated levels of cardiac troponins. In addition to elevated troponins, the patient must display either symptoms or ECG changes consistent with myocardial infarction/ischemia…

…rS complexes. Causes of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) LAFB may occur in persons who are otherwise healthy. The majority of those with LAFB, however…

…aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments for hypertension. However, coronary artery disease remains the number one killer in most regions worldwide…

…anatomical complexity of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables, including the number of lesions…

…due to dysfunction in the sinoatrial node is referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs of SND is symptomatic…

…individuals. In that scenario it might be explained by myocardial ischemia (affecting the sinoatrial node), sinus node dysfunction or side effects of digoxin treatment. If…

…flexed to 90 degrees. The forearm is moved very slowly outwards in the horizontal plane , with pauses each time the patient tenses, until the joint…

…distinct from the treatment threshold used in the BP guidelines. For adults with elevated BP, a calculated 10 year risk of ≥10% is considered sufficiently…

…of overall and cardiovascular mortality. The condition is very common among individuals with heart failure. Notably, beta blockers actually increase chronotropic competency in patients with…

…However, left bundle branch block morphology is more common (regardless of heart rate) among persons with heart disease. Alternating block (right and left bundle branch…

…dysfunction is also associated with a high risk of developing supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, especially atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. The condition in which sinus node dysfunction…