…or deep abscess, a markedly unwell patient with fever and systemic upset, suspected necrotising soft tissue infection, a child who cannot tolerate the procedure while…

…Comment : : : Reticulocytes 20–100 ×10⁹/L Distinguishes a production defect from haemolysis or bleeding Ferritin 15–300 µg/L (women 10–150) An acute phase…

…any retrieval: it begins when someone in the intensive care unit identifies a possible donor and the deceased person's own wishes are properly established…

…required, in addition to the mealtime dose Never stop basal insulin in a person with type 1 diabetes , not even before fasting or an investigation…

…has failed and bag mask ventilation is difficult or inadequate. The primary airway in cardiac arrest when the person ventilating is not experienced in intubation…

…one person responsible for recording the transfusions, the sampling, the incoming products and contact with the blood bank. 3. Secure large bore access, or rapid…

…block : All atrial impulses (P waves) are blocked by the atrioventricular node. An escape rhythm arises (cardiac arrest ensues otherwise), which may have narrow or…

…The largest relative improvement occurs when an inactive person becomes even modestly active, while additional activity continues to confer benefit with progressively smaller incremental effects…

…Intervention BLS or ACLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest BLS 11 Berdowski et al Bystander CPR BLS 15 Hasselqvist…

…the chin up. Does the person breathe? Look for respiratory signs for 10 seconds. Palpation of pulses : carotid, femoral or radial artery. According to current…

…the United States. No trends, with regard to age or sex, have been observed in Sweden between 1990 and 2021 ( Rawshani et al ). Incidence of…

…block : All atrial impulses (P waves) are blocked by the atrioventricular node. An escape rhythm arises (cardiac arrest ensues otherwise), which may have narrow or…

…are also referred to as premature ventricular beats , premature ventricular contractions or just ventricular beats/contractions/complexes . These terms will be used interchangeably in this…

…area), which may receive oxygen from collateral vessels. In cardiac arrest, there is no cerebral perfusion, with an equal degree of hypoxia in all neurons…

…the same phenomenon. Sinus arrhythmia fulfill all criteria for sinus rhythm except from the fact that the rhythm is slightly irregular ( Figure 1 ). This is…

…aphasia, hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working age Blood pressure Measure initially in both arms if this does not delay reperfusion treatment…

…hypoglycaemia No defined threshold The patient has cognitive or physical impairment and needs help from another person Level 3 can occur even when the glucose…

…time, a slow technique Underestimated. Methods such as Cunningham's work best with no sedation at all Oral or intravenous analgesia An intravenous opioid, titrated…

…fatal or non fatal CVD Low <2% Moderate ≥2% to <10% High ≥10% to <20% Very high ≥20% The risk categories are distinct from the…

…and does not require intravenous access, premedication, or special preparation. The most widely used quantification method is the Agatston score, which incorporates both the area…

…all 7 7.5 Extremely light exertion 8 9 Very light exertion For a healthy person, 9 is equivalent to walking slowly at his or…

…source. ATP is produced by metabolizing carbohydrates (glucose), fats or proteins, whichever is available. ATP fuels all cellular functions, such as contraction and relaxation. Increasing…

…which means that all components of the chain must function and interact flawlessly to maximize survival. Figure 2. Data from the Swedish Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Registry…

…unexpected death due to cardiac causes that occur within 1 hour of symptom onset. The person may or may not have known cardiac disease. Moreover…

…years and above have atrial fibrillation, whereas the arrhythmia is unusual among persons younger than 50 years of age. The overall prevalence in a Western…

…common pathological tachyarrhythmia. Only atrial fibrillation is more common. Atrial flutter occurs almost exclusively among persons with significant heart disease, predominantly ischemic heart disease. However…

…negative chronotropic effect. Among persons who do not suffer from heart failure, chronotropic incompetence may be caused by beta blockers, amiodarone or digitalis. Sinus node…

…will be refractory). If the premature atrial impulse reaches the atrioventricular node (or bundle of His) while it is completely refractory, the impulse will be…

…standardized method to evaluate the anatomical complexity of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables…

…common (regardless of heart rate) among persons with heart disease. Alternating block (right and left bundle branch block alternating from one beat to another) is…

…severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common initiating mechanism is rupture or erosion of a vulnerable (unstable) atherosclerotic coronary plaque. Upon such damage…

…fascicle. Approximately 5–10% of all individuals have a third fascicle – the median or centroseptal fascicle – which gives off Purkinje fibers to the interventricular septum…

…income countries for more than half a century, causing approximately 20% of all deaths in these regions. Mortality rates and case fatality in coronary artery…

…node dysfunction is an umbrella term for conditions that either affect the automaticity of the sinoatrial node or block the impulse from reaching the atria…