…form. Drainage material: rubber dam drain, a strip cut from a glove, petrolatum impregnated packing strip or a vessel loop for loop drainage. Gauze, absorbent…

…10⁹/L Distinguishes a production defect from haemolysis or bleeding Ferritin 15–300 µg/L (women 10–150) An acute phase protein — a normal ferritin…

…any retrieval: it begins when someone in the intensive care unit identifies a possible donor and the deceased person's own wishes are properly established…

…required, in addition to the mealtime dose Never stop basal insulin in a person with type 1 diabetes , not even before fasting or an investigation…

…the neck may be moved. 3. Ensure that the patient is sufficiently deeply sedated or relaxed — a half awake patient coughs, clenches the jaw and…

…or a worsening acidosis. An assessed need for at least 4 units of red cells within 1 hour. An actual requirement of more than 3…

…referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs of SND is symptomatic, the condition is classified as sick sinus syndrome…

…The largest relative improvement occurs when an inactive person becomes even modestly active, while additional activity continues to confer benefit with progressively smaller incremental effects…

…Intervention BLS or ACLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest BLS 11 Berdowski et al Bystander CPR BLS 15 Hasselqvist…

…for laypeople, examinations 1 and 2 are sufficient to confirm a cardiac arrest. All 3 examinations are recommended for medical professionals. Evaluation of skin color…

…OHCA) is about 70 cases per 100,000 person years in Europe ( EuReCA One, Benjamin et al ). A total of 292,000 cases of IHCA…

…referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs of SND is symptomatic, the condition is classified as sick sinus syndrome…

…Figure 3. Premature ventricular contractions in bigeminy. Two consecutive premature ventricular contractions are referred to as a pair or couplet. If 3 to 30 premature…

…or there is high quality CPR). The longer the duration of cardiac arrest, the greater the likelihood of a shockable rhythm degenerating into asystole or…

…fulfill all criteria for sinus rhythm except from the fact that the rhythm is slightly irregular ( Figure 1 ). This is mostly a normal (physiological) finding…

…hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working age Blood pressure Measure initially in both arms if this does not delay reperfusion treatment. A…

…required Level 3, severe hypoglycaemia No defined threshold The patient has cognitive or physical impairment and needs help from another person Level 3 can occur…

…ketamine or a combination. It requires a fasting history, two people, full monitoring and airway preparedness With procedural sedation, one person must manage the sedation…

…or both. A person may also be considered at increased cardiovascular risk without a calculated SCORE2 or SCORE2 OP estimate when certain clinical conditions are…

…Comparison with the expected score for a person of the same age and sex CAC may also reveal extracoronary findings, including pericardial or aortic calcification…

…exertion 8 9 Very light exertion For a healthy person, 9 is equivalent to walking slowly at his or her own pace for some minutes…

…adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy source. ATP is produced by metabolizing carbohydrates (glucose), fats or proteins, whichever is available. ATP fuels all cellular functions…

…alert the EMS (in OHCA) or cardiac arrest team (in IHCA). There are no risks in instructing a layperson to perform chest compressions on an…

…unexpected death due to cardiac causes that occur within 1 hour of symptom onset. The person may or may not have known cardiac disease. Moreover…

…whereas the arrhythmia is unusual among persons younger than 50 years of age. The overall prevalence in a Western population is 1.0% to 1…

…a macro re entry circuit (a large re entry circuit) and re entry circuits are vulnerable processes that usually self terminate within minutes, hours, or…

…persons who do not suffer from heart failure, chronotropic incompetence may be caused by beta blockers, amiodarone or digitalis. Sinus node dysfunction (SND) is a…

…to a bundle branch block. This type of bundle branch block is termed aberration (or aberrant ventricular conduction ), which was discussed previously. Figure 3 shows…

…address the need for a standardized method to evaluate the anatomical complexity of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery…

…impulse from the premature beat reaches the His Purkinje system early, while some fibers are still refractory. In this case ( Figure 1 ) it encounters a…

…severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common initiating mechanism is rupture or erosion of a vulnerable (unstable) atherosclerotic coronary plaque. Upon such damage…

…bifascicular block (which means that the LAFB is accompanied by a right bundle branch block), while 3% progress to third degree AV block (complete heart…

…the distress immediately abates, or altogether subsides; have . . . formed a constituent part of the character of Angina Pectoris. Atherosclerosis: the cause of coronary artery disease…

…node dysfunction is an umbrella term for conditions that either affect the automaticity of the sinoatrial node or block the impulse from reaching the atria…