…strip cut from a glove, petrolatum impregnated packing strip or a vessel loop for loop drainage. Gauze, absorbent dressing. Local anaesthesia works poorly in inflamed…

…from haemolysis or bleeding Ferritin 15–300 µg/L (women 10–150) An acute phase protein — a normal ferritin does not exclude iron deficiency in…

…the deceased person's own wishes are properly established. Two things determine the outcome — that the confirmation of death is carried out in a formally…

…required, in addition to the mealtime dose Never stop basal insulin in a person with type 1 diabetes , not even before fasting or an investigation…

…difficult or inadequate. The primary airway in cardiac arrest when the person ventilating is not experienced in intubation. Planned anaesthesia for short procedures in a…

…pressure. A value of around 0.9 to 1.0 or higher in an adult trauma patient suggests significant hypovolaemia and an increased transfusion requirement…

…that bradycardia due to dysfunction in the sinoatrial node is referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs of SND…

…fully reproduce prolonged activity or environmental stresses such as heat, humidity, altitude or wind. A gradual progression is particularly important in previously sedentary individuals and…

…treat (NNT) for various interventions involved in BLS and ACLS. Intervention BLS or ACLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest…

…resuscitation is to keep the person alive until resources and skills to provide ACLS arrive. However, rapid administration of BLS in the event of sudden…

…the incidence of out of hospital cardiac arrest ranges from 20 to 140 cases per 100,000 inhabitants ( Ahern et al ). In the United States…

…that bradycardia due to dysfunction in the sinoatrial node is referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs of SND…

…The impulse discharged from an ectopic focus in the ventricles will spread abnormally (because the impulse did not enter the ventricles through the bundle of…

…Shockable rhythms (ventricular fibrillation, pulseless ventricular tachycardia) are mostly due to acute myocardial ischemia or myocardial infarction, and in these cases, the likelihood of ROSC…

…individuals. In that scenario it might be explained by myocardial ischemia (affecting the sinoatrial node), sinus node dysfunction or side effects of digoxin treatment. If…

…aphasia, hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working age Blood pressure Measure initially in both arms if this does not delay reperfusion treatment…

…hypoglycaemia No defined threshold The patient has cognitive or physical impairment and needs help from another person Level 3 can occur even when the glucose…

…Inadequate analgesia or sedation — the procedure must not then be started. Radiography before reduction A radiograph is taken before reduction in a first time dislocation…

…Moderate ≥2% to <10% High ≥10% to <20% Very high ≥20% The risk categories are distinct from the treatment threshold used in the BP guidelines…

…a person of the same age and sex CAC may also reveal extracoronary findings, including pericardial or aortic calcification, pericardial thickening, valvular calcification, and, in…

…exertion 8 9 Very light exertion For a healthy person, 9 is equivalent to walking slowly at his or her own pace for some minutes…

…Table 1: Myocardial and ECG reaction in various settings with ischemia or increased workload STATUS OF CORONARY ARTERY SETTING EFFECT ECG REACTION Normal coronary artery…

…2020 in the SCRR. According to the chain of survival, the first task is to recognize cardiac arrest and alert the EMS (in OHCA) or…

…unexpected death due to cardiac causes that occur within 1 hour of symptom onset. The person may or may not have known cardiac disease. Moreover…

…whereas the arrhythmia is unusual among persons younger than 50 years of age. The overall prevalence in a Western population is 1.0% to 1…

…flutter. The observant will notice that the classification differs slightly from that of atrial fibrillation. Acute and paroxysmal cases are common in clinical practice. Chronic…

…beta blockers actually increase chronotropic competency in patients with heart failure, despite their negative chronotropic effect. Among persons who do not suffer from heart failure…

…in the opposite direction and thus generate a negative (retrograde) P wave (Figure 2). Thus, the P wave morphology of premature atrial beats differs from…

…standardized method to evaluate the anatomical complexity of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables…

…common (regardless of heart rate) among persons with heart disease. Alternating block (right and left bundle branch block alternating from one beat to another) is…

…blood flow may be partially or completely obstructed. Consequently, the myocardium supplied by the occluded artery becomes ischemic. Ultimately this results in myocardial necrosis (death…

…and aVF display rS complexes. Causes of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) LAFB may occur in persons who are otherwise healthy. The majority of those…

…with a sensation, which threatens instant death if the motion is persisted in; and, that on stopping, the distress immediately abates, or altogether subsides; have…

…node dysfunction is an umbrella term for conditions that either affect the automaticity of the sinoatrial node or block the impulse from reaching the atria…