…strip cut from a glove, petrolatum impregnated packing strip or a vessel loop for loop drainage. Gauze, absorbent dressing. Local anaesthesia works poorly in inflamed…

…from haemolysis or bleeding Ferritin 15–300 µg/L (women 10–150) An acute phase protein — a normal ferritin does not exclude iron deficiency in…

…donor care The time from withdrawal of treatment to circulatory arrest Indications An intensive care patient with severe brain injury in whom total brain infarction…

…insulin in a person with type 1 diabetes , not even before fasting or an investigation. Stopping it leads to ketoacidosis within hours. Treatment with correction…

…air from the cuff so that it is flat with a slightly upturned leading edge, and lubricate the dorsal surface. 2. Position the head in…

…one person responsible for recording the transfusions, the sampling, the incoming products and contact with the blood bank. 3. Secure large bore access, or rapid…

…that bradycardia due to dysfunction in the sinoatrial node is referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs of SND…

…activity or environmental stresses such as heat, humidity, altitude or wind. A gradual progression is particularly important in previously sedentary individuals and those with chronic…

…be established. Nasopharyngeal airways may cause complications in patients with skull fractures (risk of intracranial malposition of the tube) or coagulopathy (risk of bleeding). An…

…including laypeople. As shown in Table 1, BLS is an exceptionally effective treatment, with a very low number needed to treat (NNT), indicating high effectiveness…

…is 70 years in Sweden, 66 years in Europe (EuReCA) and 65 years in the United States. No trends, with regard to age or sex…

…that bradycardia due to dysfunction in the sinoatrial node is referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs of SND…

…The impulse discharged from an ectopic focus in the ventricles will spread abnormally (because the impulse did not enter the ventricles through the bundle of…

…with sustained ventricular tachycardia). Experimental and clinical understanding of hypoxic neuronal cell death stems largely from studies in stroke, which differs pathophysiologically from cardiac arrest…

…individuals. In that scenario it might be explained by myocardial ischemia (affecting the sinoatrial node), sinus node dysfunction or side effects of digoxin treatment. If…

…aphasia, hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working age Blood pressure Measure initially in both arms if this does not delay reperfusion treatment…

…carbohydrate or glucagon. In a person without diabetes, a hypoglycaemic disorder is defined primarily by Whipple's triad : 1. Symptoms or signs consistent with hypoglycaemia…

…reduce a fracture dislocation or to miss a posterior dislocation. The exceptions are an obvious recurrent dislocation in a patient with known instability and a…

…10% to <20% Very high ≥20% The risk categories are distinct from the treatment threshold used in the BP guidelines. For adults with elevated BP…

…Agatston score Calcium score in each coronary vessel Age , sex , and race based percentile Comparison with the expected score for a person of the same…

…exertion 8 9 Very light exertion For a healthy person, 9 is equivalent to walking slowly at his or her own pace for some minutes…

…Table 1: Myocardial and ECG reaction in various settings with ischemia or increased workload STATUS OF CORONARY ARTERY SETTING EFFECT ECG REACTION Normal coronary artery…

…be trained in basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BLS, basic life support). Training should be organized by certified instructors who design their courses in accordance with official…

…in any situation. ECG features of ventricular fibrillation The ECG shows irregular waves with varying morphology and amplitude. No P wave, QRS complex or T…

…pericarditis/myocarditis or pulmonary embolism is often a reversible arrhythmia with low risk of recurrence. Atrial fibrillation in other circumstances (particularly those listed above) is…

…slightly from that of atrial fibrillation. Acute and paroxysmal cases are common in clinical practice. Chronic flutter is, however, very rare. Thus, as compared with…

…beta blockers actually increase chronotropic competency in patients with heart failure, despite their negative chronotropic effect. Among persons who do not suffer from heart failure…

…beat). This yields more time to fill the ventricles with blood (increased ventricular filling). Persons with premature beats might perceive this as palpitations, because of…

…standardized method to evaluate the anatomical complexity of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables…

…common (regardless of heart rate) among persons with heart disease. Alternating block (right and left bundle branch block alternating from one beat to another) is…

…levels of cardiac troponins. In addition to elevated troponins, the patient must display either symptoms or ECG changes consistent with myocardial infarction/ischemia. Most patients…

…rS complexes. Causes of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) LAFB may occur in persons who are otherwise healthy. The majority of those with LAFB, however…

…is accompanied with a sensation, which threatens instant death if the motion is persisted in; and, that on stopping, the distress immediately abates, or altogether…

…therapy. It is very common that patients with bradycardia have a strong indication for drugs that aggravate or even cause the bradycardia; in such scenarios…