…drainage is the treatment; antibiotics are normally neither necessary nor sufficient in an uncomplicated cutaneous abscess in an otherwise healthy person. There are two ways…

…haemolysis or bleeding Ferritin 15–300 µg/L (women 10–150) An acute phase protein — a normal ferritin does not exclude iron deficiency in the…

…service. Contraindications An expressed refusal by the deceased — in the donation register, on a donor card, or through statements made to the next of kin…

…required, in addition to the mealtime dose Never stop basal insulin in a person with type 1 diabetes , not even before fasting or an investigation…

…tubes in several sizes, an oropharyngeal airway and a nasopharyngeal airway. Surgical airway equipment out and opened in a known or suspected difficult airway: a…

…pressure. A value of around 0.9 to 1.0 or higher in an adult trauma patient suggests significant hypovolaemia and an increased transfusion requirement…

…block) : repeated cycles of gradually increasing PR interval until an atrial impulse (P wave) is blocked in the atrioventricular node and the QRS complex does…

…activity and cardiovascular benefit is curvilinear. The largest relative improvement occurs when an inactive person becomes even modestly active, while additional activity continues to confer…

…airways may cause complications in patients with skull fractures (risk of intracranial malposition of the tube) or coagulopathy (risk of bleeding). An advanced airway (tracheal…

…by anyone, including laypeople. As shown in Table 1, BLS is an exceptionally effective treatment, with a very low number needed to treat (NNT), indicating…

…cardiac arrest presenting with ventricular fibrillation (VF) or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT) can be defibrillated to restore an organized rhythm and thus mechanical cardiac function…

…block) : repeated cycles of gradually increasing PR interval until an atrial impulse (P wave) is blocked in the atrioventricular node and the QRS complex does…

…The impulse discharged from an ectopic focus in the ventricles will spread abnormally (because the impulse did not enter the ventricles through the bundle of…

…Shockable rhythms (ventricular fibrillation, pulseless ventricular tachycardia) are mostly due to acute myocardial ischemia or myocardial infarction, and in these cases, the likelihood of ROSC…

…individuals. In that scenario it might be explained by myocardial ischemia (affecting the sinoatrial node), sinus node dysfunction or side effects of digoxin treatment. If…

…aphasia, hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working age Blood pressure Measure initially in both arms if this does not delay reperfusion treatment…

…have given carbohydrate or glucagon. In a person without diabetes, a hypoglycaemic disorder is defined primarily by Whipple's triad : 1. Symptoms or signs consistent…

…not to reduce a fracture dislocation or to miss a posterior dislocation. The exceptions are an obvious recurrent dislocation in a patient with known instability…

…purpose Cardiovascular risk assessment estimates an individual’s probability of experiencing cardiovascular disease (CVD) over a defined period. SCORE2 and SCORE2 Older Persons (SCORE2 OP)…

…or severe—is recommended when such findings are available. Further diagnostic imaging solely because calcified plaque is present in an asymptomatic individual is not supported…

…exertion 8 9 Very light exertion For a healthy person, 9 is equivalent to walking slowly at his or her own pace for some minutes…

…Table 1: Myocardial and ECG reaction in various settings with ischemia or increased workload STATUS OF CORONARY ARTERY SETTING EFFECT ECG REACTION Normal coronary artery…

…EMS (in OHCA) or cardiac arrest team (in IHCA). There are no risks in instructing a layperson to perform chest compressions on an unconscious individual…

…is defined as an unexpected death due to cardiac causes that occur within 1 hour of symptom onset. The person may or may not have…

…whereas the arrhythmia is unusual among persons younger than 50 years of age. The overall prevalence in a Western population is 1.0% to 1…

…wave. Increasing the paper speed to 50 mm/s or applying carotid massage (which increases the atrioventricular block) will be helpful in such situations. Figure…

…negative chronotropic effect. Among persons who do not suffer from heart failure, chronotropic incompetence may be caused by beta blockers, amiodarone or digitalis. Sinus node…

…). Premature atrial contraction on ECG A premature atrial contraction occurs when an ectopic focus in the atria discharges before the next sinus impulse. The premature…

…standardized method to evaluate the anatomical complexity of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables…

…conducted with right bundle branch block morphology. This is an example of how changes in the length of the cardiac cycle causes aberration. Figure 1…

…blood flow may be partially or completely obstructed. Consequently, the myocardium supplied by the occluded artery becomes ischemic. Ultimately this results in myocardial necrosis (death…

…and aVF display rS complexes. Causes of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) LAFB may occur in persons who are otherwise healthy. The majority of those…

…an atherosclerotic plaque forms in the wall of the artery. Such atherosclerotic plaques start building up early in childhood and by middle age, most persons…

…for drugs that aggravate or even cause the bradycardia; in such scenarios, it is generally considered to be evidence based to implement an artificial p