…an otherwise healthy person. There are two ways the procedure fails: the incision is too small, so that the cavity closes again within a day…

…95 % of a healthy reference population, which means that one healthy value in twenty falls outside them . Order twelve tests in a healthy person and…

…any retrieval: it begins when someone in the intensive care unit identifies a possible donor and the deceased person's own wishes are properly established…

…required, in addition to the mealtime dose Never stop basal insulin in a person with type 1 diabetes , not even before fasting or an investigation…

…difficult or inadequate. The primary airway in cardiac arrest when the person ventilating is not experienced in intubation. Planned anaesthesia for short procedures in a…

…products are to be delivered. 2. Designate a team leader and one person responsible for recording the transfusions, the sampling, the incoming products and contact…

…referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs of SND is symptomatic, the condition is classified as sick sinus syndrome…

…is a central component of cardiovascular prevention and treatment. It is associated with lower cardiovascular and all cause mortality and with reduced incidence or burden…

…Intervention BLS or ACLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest BLS 11 Berdowski et al Bystander CPR BLS 15 Hasselqvist…

…the chin up. Does the person breathe? Look for respiratory signs for 10 seconds. Palpation of pulses : carotid, femoral or radial artery. According to current…

…OHCA) is about 70 cases per 100,000 person years in Europe ( EuReCA One, Benjamin et al ). A total of 292,000 cases of IHCA…

…referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs of SND is symptomatic, the condition is classified as sick sinus syndrome…

…Premature ventricular contractions in bigeminy. Two consecutive premature ventricular contractions are referred to as a pair or couplet. If 3 to 30 premature ventricular contractions…

…or there is high quality CPR). The longer the duration of cardiac arrest, the greater the likelihood of a shockable rhythm degenerating into asystole or…

…not a normal finding among older individuals. In that scenario it might be explained by myocardial ischemia (affecting the sinoatrial node), sinus node dysfunction or…

…hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working age Blood pressure Measure initially in both arms if this does not delay reperfusion treatment. A…

…have given carbohydrate or glucagon. In a person without diabetes, a hypoglycaemic disorder is defined primarily by Whipple's triad : 1. Symptoms or signs consistent…

…ketamine or a combination. It requires a fasting history, two people, full monitoring and airway preparedness With procedural sedation, one person must manage the sedation…

…or both. A person may also be considered at increased cardiovascular risk without a calculated SCORE2 or SCORE2 OP estimate when certain clinical conditions are…

…Comparison with the expected score for a person of the same age and sex CAC may also reveal extracoronary findings, including pericardial or aortic calcification…

…exertion 8 9 Very light exertion For a healthy person, 9 is equivalent to walking slowly at his or her own pace for some minutes…

…adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy source. ATP is produced by metabolizing carbohydrates (glucose), fats or proteins, whichever is available. ATP fuels all cellular functions…

…alert the EMS (in OHCA) or cardiac arrest team (in IHCA). There are no risks in instructing a layperson to perform chest compressions on an…

…unexpected death due to cardiac causes that occur within 1 hour of symptom onset. The person may or may not have known cardiac disease. Moreover…

…whereas the arrhythmia is unusual among persons younger than 50 years of age. The overall prevalence in a Western population is 1.0% to 1…

…a macro re entry circuit (a large re entry circuit) and re entry circuits are vulnerable processes that usually self terminate within minutes, hours, or…

…persons who do not suffer from heart failure, chronotropic incompetence may be caused by beta blockers, amiodarone or digitalis. Sinus node dysfunction (SND) is a…

…bundle branch block is termed aberration (or aberrant ventricular conduction ), which was discussed previously. Figure 3 shows how a premature atrial contraction is conducted aberrantly…

…address the need for a standardized method to evaluate the anatomical complexity of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery…

…will have a left bundle branch block morphology. However, left bundle branch block morphology is more common (regardless of heart rate) among persons with heart…

…severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common initiating mechanism is rupture or erosion of a vulnerable (unstable) atherosclerotic coronary plaque. Upon such damage…

…median or centroseptal fascicle – which gives off Purkinje fibers to the interventricular septum. Fascicular blocks occur due to anatomical or functional blocks in a fascicle…

…the distress immediately abates, or altogether subsides; have . . . formed a constituent part of the character of Angina Pectoris. Atherosclerosis: the cause of coronary artery disease…

…continue drug therapy. It is very common that patients with bradycardia have a strong indication for drugs that aggravate or even cause the bradycardia; in…