…present, neurological examination, gait and truncal stability Acute balance syndrome Acute persistent unsteadiness or ataxia without clear spontaneous nystagmus Cerebellar or brainstem infarction, intoxication, Wernicke…

…Experimental angiogenic or regenerative strategies. The syndrome is clinically important not only because of persistent symptoms, but also because quality of life is often poor…

…the most current recommendations for the management of acute coronary syndromes with persistent ST segment elevations (i.e STEMI, ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction)…

…elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a working diagnosis based on persistent ST segment elevation or an equivalent electrocardiographic pattern in a patient with symptoms of…

…occur without persistent ST segment elevation, accompanied by a rise and subsequent fall in cardiac specific troponin attributable to myocardial ischaemia. UA presents with compatible…

…than persistent obstruction of the treated epicardial segment. The phenomenon occurs in approximately 2%–3% of PCI procedures overall. It is particularly associated with intervention…

…segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is an acute coronary syndrome characterized clinically by acute myocardial ischaemic symptoms or equivalent presentations together with persistent ST segment…

…instructions are not provided in the source material. Delayed help seeking is associated with older age, female sex, Black race, lower socioeconomic or uninsured status…

…during office based assessments may coexist with asymptomatic episodes. Consequently, the absence of AF during intermittent monitoring is not sufficient evidence that thromboembolic risk is…

…A normal functioning AV node should not develop AV block when treated with beta blockers. Persisting bradycardia AV block AV block Definition Indication for pacing…

…abscess, hidradenitis abscess and paronychia with a collection of pus. Persistent painful induration after a few days of antibiotics — suggests that an abscess has formed…

…of the illness. 7. Start NIV without undue delay in persistent hypercapnic respiratory acidosis, if invasive ventilation is not immediately required. 8. Document the ceiling…

…risk is greatest after, not during, the cardioversion itself. Duration reliably under 48 hours: cardioversion has traditionally been possible without prior anticoagulation. The 2024 ESC…

…of the ST segment. A male patient (Figure 1) presented at age 36 years with an ECG showing deep and persistent, concave upward ST segment…

…hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care. Despite their proven morbidity and mortality benefits…

…Despite this prolonged course, its major complications—including myocardial infarction, unstable angina and stroke—may occur abruptly and without preceding warning. Initiation and progression of…

…state Principal management approach Congestion without hypoperfusion Intravenous loop diuretic therapy Congestion with hypoperfusion Loop diuretic therapy; consider inotropic support Persistent congestion despite initial therapy…

…Troponin results should not be interpreted in isolation because myocardial injury is also encountered in non ACS cardiopulmonary disease. Patients with persistent or recurrent chest…

…begins with assessment and management of reversible causes. Because the prognosis is described as benign, treatment is directed primarily at symptom relief and may not…

…defining electrocardiographic feature is the absence of persistent ST segment elevation. This does not imply low risk: patients with NSTE ACS may have substantial myocardial…

…from: Inaccurate or inconsistent blood pressure measurement; White coat hypertension; Poor adherence or persistence with prescribed therapy; Inadequate dosing; An inappropriate diuretic for kidney function…

…Cure is not universal, however. Delayed recognition may permit vascular remodelling and renal impairment to develop, leaving persistent hypertension despite correction of the initiating disorder…

…probable, and possible stent thrombosis for clinical research and outcome assessment. Predisposing factors Domain Factors associated with stent thrombosis Clinical Acute myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus…

…devices. Electrode position (anterior posterior vs. antero lateral) does not affect success, but active compression of the pads lowers defibrillation thresholds and improves success, and…

…a genetic mutation in the RYR1 receptor, resulting in persistent muscle contraction upon administration of halogenated anesthetic agents. As an idiosyncratic response to substances such…

…immediate treatment with hypertonic sodium chloride, whether the hyponatraemia is acute or chronic. The aim is to relieve the cerebral oedema quickly, not to normalise…

…ergotism, hypercoagulable states or iatrogenic vascular injury. Acute occlusion may also occur in an artery with established collateral circulation, particularly an occluded bypass graft; in…

…With the important exception of beta blockers in selected patients after acute myocardial infarction (MI), antianginal drugs have not been shown to improve long term…

…directly attributable to CVD. Excess mortality becomes apparent approximately 7–10 years after diagnosis and is associated with persistent disease activity, rheumatoid factor and anti…

…not depend on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is defined by the combination of symptoms, with or without…

…may produce cardiorenal syndrome. Worsening renal function in the presence of persistent congestion is particularly associated with elevated central venous pressure, which is transmitted to…

…without requiring that it be of the same type as the initial event. Ezetimibe is recommended when the LDL C target is not achieved with…

…to the pulmonary circulation. Persistent pulmonary vascular disease can lead to right ventricular strain and dysfunction, which is associated with poor outcomes. Preserving right ventricular…

…with or without extension into the arch or descending aorta. Stanford type B: does not involve the ascending aorta and includes dissections involving the arch…

…is CCS, usually with recurrent angina. Approximately one fifth of clinically recognized ISR presentations are ACS. ISR may occasionally be associated with myocardial infarction. The…

…associated with lower five year survival than a more distal lesion. Revascularisation improves myocardial blood flow and angina related health status but does not reverse…

…does not provide a detailed catalogue of specific embolic syndromes. Clinical suspicion should be heightened after: Anterior STEMI. A large or transmural infarction. Persistent apical…

…perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA is associated with recurrent symptoms…

…Non obstructive coronary atherosclerosis not associated with demonstrable ischaemia may therefore remain undetected unless CT based coronary calcium assessment or another anatomical technique is added…

…and atypical disease Fewer than half of patients with PAD have typical symptoms. Many have impaired walking or a slow gait without describing classic claudication…

…nondiagnostic tracing therefore does not exclude acute infarction, particularly when the clinical presentation is compatible with acute coronary syndrome. Recurrent or persistent symptoms should prompt…

…that does not respond to medication Visual disturbance Persistent severe epigastric pain Pulmonary oedema Thrombocytopenia, with platelets <100 × 10⁹/L Renal insufficiency, with creatinine 1…

…Patients with hypotension, marked low output, or persistent severe symptoms require close monitoring and consideration of invasive haemodynamic assessment when precise measurements are needed to…

…and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Unstable angina (UA) is an acute coronary syndrome characterized by myocardial ischaemia occurring at rest or with minimal exertion, without…

…instances, patients may present with adenosine sensitive syncope, a subtype of reflex syncope that manifests without a prodrome and usually features a nonrevealing cardiac workup…

…3) dysarthria (4) pure sensory stroke (5) mixed sensorimotor stroke. Cardioembolic stroke Thromboembolism associated with cerebral atherosclerosis. Cryptogenic stroke : These cases have no known mechanism…

…with severe symptoms, provided that first line therapies have failed and the patient does not have structural heart disease or reduced left ventricular function. Persistent…

…Myocardial ischemia/infarction. Hyperkalemia. Treatment of sinoatrial arrest/pause Sinus arrest/pause due to increased vagal tone does not necessitate treatment but it might be…

…A personal history of premature CAD, cerebral vascular disease or peripheral vascular disease. A family history of premature myocardial infarction, vascular disease or marked hypercholesterolaemia…

…viable myocardium with demonstrable ischaemia. However, randomized evidence has not shown a reduction in mortality or myocardial infarction with routine CTO PCI compared with medical…

…after cardiac arrest with persisting electrical activity. Overdrive pacing in bradycardia dependent torsades de pointes. Standby pacing — pads applied but the device not switched on…

…from the ECG, without echocardiography. They then stress tested the model against multiple outcome definitions and validated it, with no fine tuning, in geographically and…

…from a previous value of at least 50%. A patient with persistently mildly reduced systolic function. This dynamic nature makes prior imaging particularly important when…

…myocardium: a persistently dysfunctional but potentially recoverable state. The chronically dysfunctional myocardium in ischemic cardiomyopathy is therefore heterogeneous. Irreversibly scarred regions may alternate with viable…

…Thus, as compared with atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter is not capable of persisting for longer periods of time. This is due to the fact that…

…EAT) most commonly occurs in individuals with underlying structural or electrical heart disease. Less frequently, it may also present in individuals without identifiable cardiac disease…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease) Coronary artery disease, which is synonymous with ischemic heart disease, is the most common…

…hours: reperfusion is indicated in persisting STEMI. 12 to 48 hours: primary PCI should be considered even if symptoms have subsided, particularly with continuing ischaemia…

…level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up , not merely detoxification. Benzodiazepines reduce the…

…absence of urticaria must therefore not be used to exclude the diagnosis [1]. Isolated urticaria, localised angio oedema or itching without compromise of the airway…