…disease Catheter based electrophysiological and structural cardiac procedures In patients with acute pericarditis, tamponade is uncommon when the cause is viral or idiopathic but is…

…blind subxiphoid technique still described in older textbooks. Indications Cardiac tamponade — the only absolute indication, and always urgent. A large pericardial effusion with symptoms despite…

…is considered to have several functions, despite the fact that it can be removed without affecting cardiac function or hemodynamics. The following functions are attributed…

…that posterolateral and right ventricular infarction may occur simultaneously (if both territories are affected by the same artery occlusion). Approximately 30% of patients with posterolateral…

…collapse and cardiac arrest. Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination or general evaluation of patients…

…vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe acute aortic regurgitation, coronary malperfusion, myocardial ischaemia, heart failure, shock and cerebral or visceral malperfusion. Type…

…hyperkalaemia and metabolic disturbance, hypothermia, tamponade, toxins, thrombosis (coronary or pulmonary), tension pneumothorax. No drug has been shown to improve the neurological outcome in cardiac…

…13% in a ventilated patient in sinus rhythm without spontaneous breathing, passive leg raising with an increase in stroke volume 10%, or inferior vena cava…

…anaphylaxis and cardiac arrest Administer CPR as per guidelines. Most patients require an immediate intravenous dose of 1 mg epinephrine . For anaphylaxis without cardiac arrest…

…hypoxia and anoxia ( Casas et al ). In cardiac arrest without chest compressions (i.e. if cerebral perfusion ceases), irreversible neuronal cell death starts within 5…

…or angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs), or a reduced requirement for antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with…

…patients with stroke or TIA. The purpose of performing an ultrasound is to scrutinize potential cardiac sources of emboli and to evaluate the carotid and…

…severely compromised or absent, leading to rapid brainstem hypoxia. As a result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light…

…Patients). Please refer to HOPE Score. Severity Features Body temperature (°C) Mild hypothermia Conscious with tremors 32 35°C Moderate hypothermia Impaired consciousness, with or without…

…chain of survival, the first task is to recognize cardiac arrest and alert the EMS (in OHCA) or cardiac arrest team (in IHCA). There are…

…improve survival or the neurological outcome compared with keeping the patient normothermic — but fever after cardiac arrest is harmful, it often arises spontaneously, and it…

…which therefore contracts without pre load (the ventricle is empty or nearly empty). In patients with an initial shockable rhythm, compressions and ventilation can extend…

…death, and among those who did, only a minority had a reduced value — the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF…

…points Levosimendan alleviates heart failure symptoms, increases cardiac output, and lowers pulmonary artery pressure without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. The inotropic effect of levosimendan is…

…hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it a consideration for patients with low blood pressure secondary to a low cardiac output…

…a 5 year SCD risk percentage , which helps clinicians stratify patients into low, intermediate, or high risk categories. A significant shortcoming of the HCM Risk…

…Hence, Clevidipine reduces blood pressure without affecting cardiac filling pressures. • Clevidipine is more effective than nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and nicardipine in hypertensive emergencies. Time to onset…

…Hence, Clevidipine reduces blood pressure without affecting cardiac filling pressures. • Clevidipine is more effective than nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and nicardipine in hypertensive emergencies. Time to onset…

…includes patients with recent changes in symptoms or clinical signs, with or without diagnostic electrocardiographic abnormalities and with or without an acute rise in cardiac…

…an elevated cardiac troponin concentration and new ST segment depression in new onset AF should not automatically be labelled type 2 myocardial infarction without further…

…patients with structurally normal hearts [2] . Epidemiologically, BrS is responsible for up to 20% of sudden cardiac deaths in patients without structural heart disease and…

…haemodynamic instability or during ongoing vasoactive treatment. Conditions in which blood pressure must be kept within narrow limits: aortic dissection, intracerebral haemorrhage, after cardiac arrest…

…greater analytical sensitivity improves diagnostic accuracy and negative predictive value in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Cardiac troponin is a marker of myocardial…

…hospital cardiac arrest. Patients aged 18 to 70, who received bystander CPR and initially presented with a ventricular arrhythmia without return of spontaneous circulation within…

…greater in patients with diabetes mellitus and increases with age. STEMI may present as sudden onset breathlessness. Other less common presentations, with or without pain…

…The syndrome is characterized by a rather peculiar ECG and the patients experience syncope, life threatening ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, or even sudden cardiac death…

…abdomen, or epigastrium. Dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, fatigue, faintness, and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency…

…elevation, or an equivalent electrocardiographic pattern, suggesting acute coronary occlusion. Most patients with this working diagnosis subsequently develop myocardial necrosis and cardiac troponin elevation, although…

…syndromes, which may present with recent changes in symptoms or signs, with or without ECG abnormalities and with or without an elevation in cardiac troponin…

…Hence, arrhythmias may occur in the absence of ECG changes and vice versa (i.e. ECG changes may be pronounced without any arrhythmias occurring). Plasma…

…B Patients transferred to PCI centres can bypass the emergency department to undergo primary PCI without delay. I B Ambulance personnel must be trained and…

…there a high risk feature supporting angiography within 24 hours? Is the patient stable without high risk characteristics and therefore potentially suitable for a selective…

…Hence, Clevidipine reduces blood pressure without affecting cardiac filling pressures. • Clevidipine is more effective than nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and nicardipine in hypertensive emergencies. Time to onset…

…or warfarin Subsegmental pulmonary embolism without deep vein thrombosis An individual assessment; in selected cases the patient can be observed without anticoagulation Red flags and…

…can vary depending on the heart rate and individual patient characteristics. Bazett’s formula has a tendency to overcorrect or undercorrect at extreme heart rates…

…a patient should undergo PCI or CABG based on their risk profile. Predicting Outcomes : It predicts 10 year mortality and 5 year major adverse cardiac…

…of symptoms, with or without physical signs, and an LVEF below 40%. Signs may be absent in early disease or after effective treatment. HFrEF is…

…refractory periods and short RR intervals have shorter refractory periods. Aberrant conduction occurs when the length of the cardiac cycle is changed without a compensatory…

…and elevated cardiac biomarkers. Intermediate low risk PE includes stable patients who are not low risk but have either RV dysfunction or elevated biomarkers, or…

…detach and embolize systemically. Observational data indicate approximately a fourfold greater risk of embolic events in patients with LV thrombus than in matched patients without…

…Conduction disease and the need for pacemaker therapy may be more frequent in T2DM, although management follows the same principles as in patients without diabetes…

…be superimposed on existing bundle branch blocks and alter their appearance. Some patients develop nonspecific intraventricular conduction defects without any change in their QRS appearance…

…also present in individuals without identifiable cardiac disease. Contributing factors include pulmonary disorders, particularly obstructive pulmonary disease, the use of theophylline, and elevated catecholamine states…

…HINTS, Dix Hallpike and the Epley manoeuvre, since otherwise these examinations are easily applied to the wrong patient or misinterpreted [4]. Trigger or merely aggravation…

…the patient has symptoms, or the clinical risk is high [1,2]. 1. Perform an ABCDE assessment, attach cardiac monitoring, secure intravenous access and record…

…generally acts within 1 to 2 hours. Oral onset is delayed, typically requiring 2 to 3 days, and often 1 to 3 weeks or occasionally…

…per 1000 patient years in age matched controls without autoimmune disease. The greatest risks were reported with systemic sclerosis, Addison disease, SLE and type 1…

…recent TIA or stroke, particularly when the event occurred within 3 months and the ipsilateral stenosis exceeds 70%. Patients being assessed before non cardiac surgery…

…myocardial infarction COLCOT The COLCOT trial enrolled 4745 patients within 30 days of myocardial infarction. Participants received colchicine 0.5 mg once daily or placebo…

…reduced cardiac output or impaired renal perfusion. Many patients have preserved cardiac output; increased venous and intra abdominal pressures, impaired renal venous outflow and persistent…

…weeks. This made BMS attractive in patients requiring urgent non cardiac surgery, those with high bleeding risk, or those considered unlikely to adhere to medication…

…Describes cardiac death in patients with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischaemia and presumed new ischaemic ECG changes, occurring before cTn values become available or abnormal…

…and the possibility of thrombolytic treatment. Cardiac and pulmonary complications Acute hypertension may precipitate myocardial ischemia or infarction, acute heart failure, or pulmonary oedema. Patients…

…relief and may not be required in asymptomatic patients. Before drug treatment, recommended or suggested measures include: reassurance; exercise training; volume expansion; avoidance of cardiac…

…PCI or CABG may indicate procedural myocardial injury. Late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging has demonstrated procedural injury in patients undergoing either procedure, and…