…disease Catheter based electrophysiological and structural cardiac procedures In patients with acute pericarditis, tamponade is uncommon when the cause is viral or idiopathic but is…

…and cardiac arrest Cardiac arrest associated with tamponade has an exceptionally poor prognosis. In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops acutely or…

…in older textbooks. Indications Cardiac tamponade — the only absolute indication, and always urgent. A large pericardial effusion with symptoms despite medical treatment. Diagnostic drainage in…

…pericardial effusion and tamponade. Less common are cysts and tumors of the pericardium, as well as congenital malformations leading to an incomplete or absent pericardium…

…and cardiac arrest. Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination or general evaluation of patients with…

…and extended monitoring exceeding 3 weeks is necessary, an implantable loop recorder is essential to accurately establish the diagnosis. Electrophysiology In patients with presyncope or…

…particularly when the effusion is substantial or when haemodynamic consequences develop. In patients with pericarditis complicated by constriction, symptoms and signs of right sided heart…

…asystole in 30%, and VF/VT in 5%. Chest compressions in traumatic cardiac arrest In the context of cardiac tamponade, increased pressure within the pericardial…

…Iatrogenic lesions commonly follow cardiac surgery, coronary angiography or other invasive procedures, and affected patients may be relatively painless compared with those with spontaneous dissection…

…infarction, cardiac rupture with tamponade, and less common causes such as severe pre existing valvular disease or excessive beta blocker or calcium channel blocker exposure…

…hyperkalaemia and metabolic disturbance, hypothermia, tamponade, toxins, thrombosis (coronary or pulmonary), tension pneumothorax. No drug has been shown to improve the neurological outcome in cardiac…

…20%, and roughly 30% of patients with pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis experience a second thrombotic event within 10 years ( Goldhaber et al, Kearon…

…that posterolateral and right ventricular infarction may occur simultaneously (if both territories are affected by the same artery occlusion). Approximately 30% of patients with posterolateral…

…and/or contraction of the ventricles and atria. This situation is referred to as cardiac tamponade, which has been discussed earlier. Differentiating acute pericarditis and…

…13% in a ventilated patient in sinus rhythm without spontaneous breathing, passive leg raising with an increase in stroke volume 10%, or inferior vena cava…

…depression. Sinus tachycardia. Refer to Figure 1 . Figure 1. Electrical alternans in patient with cardiac tamponade. The ECG shows varying QRS and T wave amplitudes.

…cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices. Implantable loop recorders are diagnostic devices rather than pacing or defibrillation systems, but their stored data…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Purpose Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary secondary prevention intervention for patients with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering…

…patients with stroke or TIA. The purpose of performing an ultrasound is to scrutinize potential cardiac sources of emboli and to evaluate the carotid and…

…or angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs), or a reduced requirement for antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with…

…lactate is an indicator of tissue hypoperfusion and can guide resuscitative efforts. If the patient presents with hypotension or has a lactate level exceeding 4…

…90% of anaphylactic cardiac arrests present with pulseless electrical activity (PEA) as the initial rhythm, while the remainder manifest ventricular fibrillation (VF) or asystole ( Ebo…

…is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction …

…1 . Expected cardiopulmonary function and alertness in decreasing body temperature according to HOPE (Hypothermia Outcome Prediction after Extracorporeal Life Support for Hypothermic Cardiac Arrest Patients)…

…of ≥50%, accompanied by objective evidence of structural and/or functional cardiac abnormalities and/or elevated natriuretic peptides (NPs) [1] [2] . The evolution of HF…

…based on ECG, family history and clinical presentation. Patients present with syncope, early onset of atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac arrest. Given the…

…severely compromised or absent, leading to rapid brainstem hypoxia. As a result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light…

…confirming absent or abnormal breathing is sufficient to alert the emergency service and commence CPR. Agonal breathing before apnea A cardiac arrest occurs within a…

…improve survival or the neurological outcome compared with keeping the patient normothermic — but fever after cardiac arrest is harmful, it often arises spontaneously, and it…

…Upon recognition of a cardiac arrest in a pregnant individual, either within or outside the hospital, prompt communication with an obstetrician and neonatologist is critical…

…is the most common primary cardiac tumor. These tumors most often debute at the age of 30 60 years and are more common among women…

…cancer related disease and cardiac amyloidosis among the relevant clinical settings or comorbidities. HFrEF is distinguished from heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF…

…fibrillation and non cardiac comorbidities are less frequent than in HFpEF. The clinical population is heterogeneous because the HFmrEF range includes both patients with recovering…

…Furthermore, RAD is frequently observed in adult patients with severe pulmonary stenosis, alongside right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and right atrial enlargement [8]. RAD is present…

…highlighted by a lack of lung tissue) and its impact on cardiac function. Clinically, patients may present with: Absent breath sounds on the affected side…

…muscle damage or inflammation may result in elevated cTnT levels. Although both troponin T and I may be chronically elevated in patients with renal failure…

…myocardial ischemia and infarction. Symptoms – Patients with acute myocardial infarction may present with typical ischemic chest pain, or with dyspnea, nausea, unexplained weakness, or a…

…by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion [3] . Within this spectrum, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF…

…resuscitated patients. Figure 1. The chain of survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest. Although the required skills, complexity and costs of interventions increase with…

…from selected populations, frequently with low or intermediate ischemic risk and under representation of patients with STEMI or other very high risk features. Noninferiority studies…

…connect a defibrillator or AED and defibrillate. Watanabe et al studied 132 patients who unexpectedly experienced sudden cardiac arrest while being monitored with Holter ECG…

…Coimbra R. Open chest versus closed chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in trauma patients with signs of life upon hospital arrival: a retrospective multicenter study. Crit Care…

…exclude patients presenting with asystole or PEA. Duration of cardiac arrest : In cases where cardiac arrest is caused by myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, or primary…

…8% and survival to 30 days is 10.7% in out of hospital cardiac arrest ( Yan et al ). The low survival reflects the sudden and…

…death, and among those who did, only a minority had a reduced value — the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF…

…patients. Adverse effects Tachycardia. Headache. Flushing. Edema. Dizziness. Caution Should be used cautiously in patients with myocardial ischemia and/or heart failure. Nicardipine doses and…

…patients. Adverse effects Tachycardia. Headache. Flushing. Edema. Dizziness. Caution Should be used cautiously in patients with myocardial ischemia and/or heart failure. Nicardipine doses and…

…most common cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young individuals and during exercise. The risk of ventricular arrhythmias correlates with the degree of hypertrophy…

…hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it a consideration for patients with low blood pressure secondary to a low cardiac output…

…in patients with unknown etiology for acute severe heart failure. A recent echocardiographic examination should be available or performed urgently to evaluate ventricular and valvular…

…is a functional cardiac imaging technique used primarily to identify inducible myocardial ischaemia and to estimate prognosis in patients with suspected or established coronary artery…

…sudden cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural heart disease, VT necessitates a nuanced, multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and…

…with the intent to perform PCI. The decision to transfer the patient to the ICU or CCU depends on the system of care and patient…

…The syndrome is characterized by a rather peculiar ECG and the patients experience syncope, life threatening ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, or even sudden cardiac death…

…J. (2015). 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. European Heart Journal, 36(41…

…waves) do not affect the management of cardiac arrest. Recurrent VT or VF after ROSC in a patient with a coronary risk profile should lead…

…over several decades. Left ventricular function correlates strongly with total and cardiovascular mortality ( Curtis et al ). Among patients with coronary heart disease, left ventricular function…

…history (with emphasis on causes of AV blocks; please refer to theCauses of AV blocks) and physical examination. It is also reasonable to analyze cardiac…

…of symptoms and presence of high risk arrhythmias on ECG guides the management of non acute or asymptomatic bradyarrhythmia. In patients presenting with intermittent symptoms…

…patients with severe hypertension, unstable angina, and significant arrhythmias. Absolute contraindications Acute myocardial infarction (MI) within 48 hours Ongoing unstable angina Uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia with…