…be considered. Effective lipid lowering improves survival and reduces cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary artery disease irrespective of the baseline cholesterol concentration. Intensive statin…

…Recent intracranial haemorrhage without a fresh assessment of benefit and risk. An inability to attend for sampling and follow up — relative, but in practice decisive…

…better alternative. Follow up At an eGFR below 60, or in the presence of albuminuria: check the potassium, calcium, phosphate, PTH, haemoglobin and bicarbonate , review…

…Schedule the test in the morning, preferably starting between 08:00 and 09:00 , with the patient fasting or having had a light breakfast according…

…with co oximetry Follow up of pH in, for example, ketoacidosis A venous sample is often sufficient if respiratory failure is not suspected Shock with…

…In a patient with normal baseline cTn, type 4a MI is defined by: cTn greater than 5 times the 99th percentile upper reference limit; and…

…fit and independent generally benefit from guideline directed blood pressure treatment similar to that used in younger adults, provided it is tolerated. Patients with functional…

…In older patients delirium is often multifactorial. 7. Start non pharmacological treatment immediately , in parallel with the investigation. 8. Document the diagnosis and communicate it…

…mutations in LMNA , MYH7 , and TNNT2 [39] . Consequently, current guidelines recommend a 3 generation family history and consideration of genetic testing for all patients with…

…and HFpEF (≥50%) [1] [2] . Crucially, contemporary definitions distinguish HFpEF from "Heart Failure with improved EF" (HFimpEF). HFimpEF refers to patients with a historical baseline…

…estimate prognosis in patients with suspected or established coronary artery disease (CAD). It combines echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) structure and function with exercise…

…For patients with bundle branch blocks, the corresponding figure is 500 ms. The QT interval represents the time between the onset of ventricular depolarization and…

…rate of approximately 0–2% in patients with an eGFR of 30–44 mL/min/1.73 m2 and up to 17% when eGFR is…

…abdominal aortic aneurysm, and calcific aortic valve stenosis. Lp(a) is not associated with venous thromboembolism in prospective epidemiological studies. Its biological effects appear to…

…effective in fetal, pediatric patients, and young adults with congenital heart disease. Initiation Strategies Because of its ability to significantly prolong the QT interval and…

…are associated with similar clinical settings and frequently coexist in the same patient population. AF can act as a trigger for atrial flutter, and the…

…treatment for patients with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, and other very high risk settings described in the source…

…its interaction with the hepatic LDL receptor. They lower LDL C by approximately 50–60%, including in patients receiving background statin therapy and in those…

…reduces mortality in patients with STEMI, with the greatest benefit when administered early. The largest absolute benefit is observed in patients at highest baseline risk…

…Age, sex and renal function affect baseline troponin levels. Troponin levels are up to 3 fold higher in healthy elderly compared with healthy young individuals…

…cTn) values in the setting of acute or chronic heart failure are often better categorised as myocardial injury. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with Type…

…difficult across patient categories. However, the emergence of incretin based therapies, starting with glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP 1 RAs) and evolving into…

…non HDL C, and apoB showed similar baseline risk associations, emphasizing that the three measures are closely related in many patients. The practical distinction is…

…sufficient in patients whose atrial tachycardia is induced by the drug. Management of all other cases aligns with the approach used for atrial fibrillation and…

…peripheral artery disease. Secondary prevention concerns patients with established vascular disease, in whom aspirin has a substantially more favourable benefit–risk profile. Aspirin is not…

…occur in patients with a clinically unstable acute coronary syndrome, but the examination does not reliably establish or exclude the diagnosis. The ECG and serial…

…Non HDL C and apoB are secondary targets or risk refining measures, particularly in patients with: Diabetes or other cardiometabolic risk factors Obesity Insulin resistance…

…frequently observed in adult patients with severe pulmonary stenosis, alongside right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and right atrial enlargement [8]. RAD is present in most cases…

…coronary blood flow by relaxing vascular smooth muscle. They are contraindicated in patients with bronchospastic lung disease, or a history of significant reactive airway disease…

…all cause death and cardiovascular death, compared to patients without such disturbances, including those with RBBB and LBBB. This was reported in the Coronary Heart…

…Prolonged QT at baseline (uncorrected 440 ms), or severe bradycardia, sinus node dysfunction or second degree and third degree heart block in the absence of…

…portion of the pulmonary artery may also be dilated in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Echocardiography in pulmonary regurgitation Echocardiography is the modality of choice for…

…In a patient with moderate symptoms the physician must judge the likelihood that the symptoms really are caused by the hyponatraemia. With severe symptoms and…

…flow under baseline conditions. Raw Image Analysis : Raw images are reviewed to identify potential artifacts, extracardiac tracer activity, and assess image quality and patient motion…

…whether residual weakness in a patient with known myasthenia responds to further cholinesterase inhibition. The test has a sensitivity of around 60 % and is not…

…Decanoate NANDROLONE DECANOATE Nandrolone Decanoate NA sp ambiguous Caution is required for patients with cardiac disease Bleomycin BLEOMYCIN BLEOMYCIN SULFATE Heart Damage wp less hypotension…

…More immediate interrogation and reprogramming are warranted in higher risk circumstances, particularly for pacing dependent patients, patients with CRT, and ICD recipients undergoing procedures likely…

…in patients presenting with chest pain (chest discomfort) or other symptoms suggestive of the five conditions listed above. It is important that history taking and…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Angina with non obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA) describes anginal symptoms in patients whose epicardial coronary arteries are…

…of cardiovascular and non cardiovascular comorbidity than patients with reduced EF. Pathophysiology Abnormal ventricular relaxation and increased filling pressures The central hemodynamic abnormality in HFpEF…

…population and diagnostic criteria. MINOCA accounts for approximately 1–14% of ACS presentations in different series and approximately 5–10% of patients presenting with myocardial…

…In contrast, patients with confirmed hypertension generally require BP lowering treatment without additional risk stratification for that treatment decision. Population to which SCORE2 and SCORE2…

…despite careful follow up and appropriate therapy. In this setting, the risk of sudden death and end stage heart failure is high, and assessment for…

…the dose of prasugrel; extending DAPT beyond 12 months in carefully selected patients with high ischemic risk and low bleeding risk. These strategies are intended…

…frequent than in HFpEF. The clinical population is heterogeneous because the HFmrEF range includes both patients with recovering systolic function and those with deterioration from…

…acute myocardial infarction, 30 day and 1 year mortality in patients with NSTE ACS. TIMI, GRACE and PURSUIT are such risk models. The higher the…

…information about each step, take place with the patient's ongoing consent, and be able to be stopped at any moment. A trauma informed approach…

…Dizziness. Caution Should be used cautiously in patients with myocardial ischemia and/or heart failure. Nicardipine doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency). ACE…

…Exercise stress testing in patients with previous acute coronary syndromes (myocardial infarction), women, elderly and revascularized individuals Clinicians should be familiar with the special challenges…

…Dizziness. Caution Should be used cautiously in patients with myocardial ischemia and/or heart failure. Nicardipine doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency). ACE…

…Catheterisation is straightforward in most patients and dangerous in a few. The male urethra is about 25 cm long with two curves and a prostate…

…Flushing. Palpitations. Tolerance with prolonged use. Methemoglobinemia. Hypoxemia. Caution Proceed with caution in afterload dependent conditions. Nitroglycerin doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency).

…in ACS patients treated with PCI can increase the risk of thrombosis, myocardial infarction, or death. Treatment for up to 12 months is recommended unless…

…of cardiac arrest. Recurrent VT or VF after ROSC in a patient with a coronary risk profile should lead to consideration to perform early angiography.

…The corresponding figure in children is 28% (Kang et al). The incidence is 10–34% among patients with premature ventricular contractions and/or nonsustained ventricular…