…dL (≥1.4 to <1.8 mmol/L). Non statin treatment for patients who are statin intolerant. Possible concurrent initiation of ezetimibe with maximally tolerated…

…fibrillation, particularly when other therapeutic options cannot be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin may present with symptoms of digitalis toxicity, which manifests across multiple organ systems…

…specified by the guideline. PCSK9 inhibitors are also relevant in statin intolerant patients who remain above goal despite alternative lipid lowering therapy. Evolocumab and alirocumab…

…are investigated before starting. A referral or notification to the anticoagulation clinic, and a decision on who will dose during the first week. Written patient…

…a 50% reduction from baseline. For a patient who experiences a recurrent atherothrombotic event while receiving maximally tolerated statin therapy, an LDL C goal below…

…lipoprotein(a) are variable or modest. In phase III studies involving patients with ASCVD or at least one ASCVD risk equivalent who were receiving statins…

…important pauses. In an ICD patient, EMI may be interpreted as ventricular tachyarrhythmia and trigger inappropriate antitachycardia treatment unless detection and therapy are disabled. Conversely…

…2025/2026 and are given for absolute eGFR in mL/min , not eGFR relative to 1.73 m². Recalculate in patients who are markedly larger…

…reasoning. Cardiac arrest care is advanced and should preferably only be conducted in specialized centers. Patients who are not in specialized cardiac arrest centers should…

…The COACT, PEARL and TOMAHAWK trials studied patients with ROSC who did not display ST segment elevations and randomized them to urgent angiography. These trials…

…taken. A woman who has only been screened with cytology should be offered an HPV tested sample without waiting for the next routine invitation. Self…

…The characteristics of the patient, the size and localization of the mass are indicative in diagnostics. A patient who exhibits an ecotdense mass entrenched in…

…However, most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should…

…widely recognized and validated tool used to assess the one year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are taking anticoagulants…

…a higher risk of complications than patients without AF; both short and long term prognosis are worse than in patients who remain in sinus rhythm…

…of the patients who ultimately had a favorable neurological recovery exhibited an abnormal pupillary reflex upon initial examination. Notably, 31.2% of patients discharged with…

…a distinct disease. It identifies patients whose blood pressure remains uncontrolled despite intensive antihypertensive treatment and who therefore require assessment for pseudo resistance, secondary hypertension…

…stress test, during which it is fundamentally important that the patient performs maximally. Only two variables are needed to determine whether chronotropic incompetence exists, namely…

…This means that a patient who experienced chest pain at home may be asymptomatic during the assessment in the ER, only to develop severe chest…

…hypotension Multimorbidity Polypharmacy and overall therapeutic burden Life expectancy Patient priorities and preferences Patients who are fit and independent generally benefit from guideline directed blood…

…or treatment with another adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor inhibitor for patients who had coronary syndrome and are at high risk of developing a new event…

…been ousted repeatedly from the standard of care for these conditions. However, digoxin is still used in patients who do not achieve satisfactory effects using…

…The incidence is 10–34% among patients with premature ventricular contractions and/or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia who are referred for electrophysiological evaluation (Hasdemir et al…

…OP apply SCORE2 and SCORE2 OP are intended for apparently healthy people or for individuals with elevated BP who do not already have a condition…

…be counteracted with simultaneous administration of norepinephrine. All patients with severe acute heart failure who receive levosimendan should be monitored invasively (e.g. arterial line…

…mm • Patients with mutations in TGFBR1, TGFBR2 or Loes Dietz syndrome, who have low BSA or severe extra aortic features 45 mm • Patients who are…

…in haemodynamically stable patients with both RV dysfunction on imaging and elevated cardiac biomarkers. Intermediate low risk PE includes stable patients who are not low…

…in most patients with severe cardiovascular disease or in those who are otherwise haemodynamically unstable. The benefit of its administration in these patients should be…

…instability. Fewer than 1% of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who reach the catheterization laboratory are found to have complete LMCA occlusion, likely…

…patients who undergo exercise stress testing must achieve at least 85% of the age adjusted MHR. Heller et al. demonstrated the following, among patients with…

…Donation after circulatory death Starting point A ventilated patient who develops total brain infarction An intensive care patient in whom life sustaining treatment is withdrawn…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…an important contrast. Patients with manifest clinical disease are at high risk of progression and generally require all appropriate evidence based measures, including drug treatment…

…model, promoting earlier identification and treatment of high risk ACS patients. Future randomized trials are needed to validate this paradigm and support its broader adoption…

…Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction). Patients with NSTE ACS who do not develop infarction are classified as unstable angina (UA), which is an imminent precursor…

…active prevention of fever — defined as a temperature above about 37.7–37.8 °C — for at least 72 hours in patients who remain unconscious…

…status and walking capacity, because these may reveal “masked” PAD in patients who do not exert themselves sufficiently to provoke symptoms. Intermittent claudication Intermittent claudication…

…tolerate the dose required to achieve the patient’s LDL C goal. Complete intolerance is uncommon. Most patients who report intolerance can ultimately take some…

…Patients who have been prescribed sublingual nitroglycerin should be instructed in its appropriate use, although specific dosing instructions are not provided in the source material…

…Nevertheless, patients who develop serious arrhythmias during spontaneous episodes represent a higher risk subgroup. Evaluation and physical examination The cardiac examination is usually normal when…

…and defibrillate. Watanabe et al studied 132 patients who unexpectedly experienced sudden cardiac arrest while being monitored with Holter ECG (the indications were palpitations, chest…

…recommended in the initial evaluation of patients with suspected coronary artery disease (i.e CCS). The new guidelines are based on data derived from studies…

…carotid sinus [baroreceptor] stimulation). It is common to discover SB in healthy young individuals who are not well trained. This is also a normal finding…

…recommended in the initial evaluation of patients with suspected coronary artery disease (i.e. CCS). The new guidelines are based on data derived from studies…

…Swedish and local care programmes use 38.5 degrees instead. Follow the local definition where one exists, but a neutropenic patient who is clinically unwell…

…et al, it is also reasonable to believe that patients with heart failure are at increased risk of decompensation if infected with COVID 19. Moreover…

…Patients with acute coronary syndrome should be offered cessation support during hospitalization. Depression and adverse environmental exposures are associated with continued or resumed smoking after…

…is stronger in younger individuals. Individual patient circumstances and clinical judgment are paramount in determining the appropriateness and feasibility of ECMO initiation. Efficacy of ECMO …

…Failure with improved Ejection Fraction" (HFimpEF) is now applied to patients with a baseline LVEF ≤40% who have experienced a ≥10 point increase in LVEF…

…branch block, fascicular block and AV block, are common in myocardial ischemia and infarction. These conditions may be seen as signs of ischemia, which is…

…medical system (EMS), as well as the hospital cardiac arrest team (CAT) and intensive care units and other units caring for resuscitated patients. Figure 1…

…heterogeneous, and some patients may benefit from a more individualized selection strategy. When to Initiate Pharmacological Treatment Lifestyle intervention is an essential component of care…

…Balance exercises Flexibility exercises Walking, yoga and gardening may provide useful activity for individuals who are reluctant to undertake formal exercise. Increasing movement during daily…

…imaging finding; it can refine the decision to test and may identify patients who require preventive therapy even when functional testing is normal. Probability categories…

…of myocardial fibrosis). Risk stratification The calculator helps identify patients at high risk of SCD who may benefit from preventive interventions, such as ICD implantation…

…death, and among those who did, only a minority had a reduced value — the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF…

…stratification in specific populations, such as asymptomatic patients with pre excitation who have high risk occupations or participate in competitive athletics. In the context of…

…and its interpretation should remain integrated with the overall risk profile. Measurement Who should be tested? Current recommendations support measuring Lp(a) at least once…

…patients with chest discomfort who display ST segment depressions in leads V1–V3 are likely have posterior transmural ischemia and should be managed as STE…

…identified only by implanted or wearable devices as subclinical AF. Some patients have frequent symptomatic episodes, whereas others have brief or asymptomatic episodes that are…