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Oxygen therapy

…35, 40 or 50 % Gives a fixed, known FiO2 independently of the patient's breathing pattern. The first choice where there is a risk of…

Interpretation of Pacemaker ECG

…the left ventricle receives the depolarizing impulse from the right ventricle (where the pacemaker delivers the pulses). The depolarizing wave spreads outside the conduction system…

Left Ventricular Thrombus After Myocardial Infarction

…Mural: flattened, fixed, and closely adherent to the endocardial surface. Protruding or mobile: extending into the ventricular cavity, sometimes with independently mobile components. Although a…

Paracentesis

…site The left lower quadrant is the first choice : the abdominal wall is thinner there than on the right, and the descending colon is fixed…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…principle of titration is abandoned — when a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a modified release preparation is started in an opioid naive patient…

Stress Echocardiography: Protocols and Interpretation

…ischaemia and to estimate prognosis in patients with suspected or established coronary artery disease (CAD). It combines echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) structure and…

Coronary Anomalies and Myocardial Bridging

…course, distribution, or termination of the coronary arteries. They include anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA), coronary fistulae, and myocardial bridging. Although many…

Vasospastic (Prinzmetal) Angina: Provocation Testing and Treatment

…generally indicates a more favourable course than VA accompanied by severe fixed lesions. Nevertheless, patients who develop serious arrhythmias during spontaneous episodes represent a higher…

Type 2 Myocardial Infarction: Mechanisms and Management

…mechanisms that increase myocardial oxygen demand include sustained tachyarrhythmia and severe hypertension, with or without left ventricular hypertrophy. In patients with stable known or presumed…

Vulnerable Plaque and Mechanisms of Acute Coronary Occlusion

…with or without left ventricular hypertrophy. Among patients with NSTE ACS undergoing angiography, approximately 10% have no critical epicardial stenosis. In some of these patients…

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