…the entire care continuum, from prehospital assessment to hospital discharge. Diagnosing acute STEMI The diagnosis is straightforward using the electrocardiogram (ECG). Prehospital personnel have proven…

…decompensation despite apparently effective chronic treatment. Functional limitation is commonly described using the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification. The source material specifically frames many…

…is given. The serious incidents almost always arise when the principle of titration is abandoned — when a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a…

…from those of non obese patients, and obesity complicates assessment of intravascular volume in both ambulatory and inpatient settings. Clinical presentation and symptoms Obesity itself…

…syndromes & chest pain patients An ECG must be performed on all patients seeking medical attention due to chest discomfort or other symptoms that may be…

Echocardiography Echocardiographic assessment of regional contractile function Systolic ventricular function is one of the strongest predictors of total and cardiovascular mortality. Previous chapters have discussed…

…and infarction Definition and clinical rationale Stable angina, or chronic chest pain attributable to suspected chronic coronary syndrome, is evaluated by estimating the likelihood of…

…the toe instead. Marked pain that prevents the patient from tolerating compression. Preparation and equipment Equipment: a handheld Doppler probe 5–10 MHz, ultrasound gel…

…chest pain with an intermediate pre test probability of coronary artery disease. Assessment of exercise capacity and symptoms in known heart disease. Risk assessment after…

…burning, pelvic pain, dyspareunia. Cervical cancer screening according to the national programme. Checking an intrauterine device or a pessary. Assessment of prolapse. Sampling for a…