…medications, and drug accumulation secondary to renal or hepatic impairment or the inhibition of cytochrome P450 metabolism [1]. Nonmodifiable risk factors encompass female sex, underlying…

…pinches the nasal bone instead of the soft part, and lets go after two minutes. Management is a ladder — compression, cautery, anterior packing — and each…

…request form. Drainage material: rubber dam drain, a strip cut from a glove, petrolatum impregnated packing strip or a vessel loop for loop drainage. Gauze…

…pacemaker function requires knowledge of the mode of pacing, and careful analysis of ECG tracings. Most modern devices are capable of transmitting ECG tracings continuously…

ECG The artificial pacemaker is one of the great medical inventions of the 20th century. Cardiac pacing has evolved from a hazardous experiment in the…

…intrinsic rhythm may develop prolonged pauses. Pacing dependent patients therefore require protection against inhibition during the period of anticipated EMI. The perioperative strategy should also…

…follows ECG tracings demonstrating each type of failure. Figure 1. Failure to pace. Figure 2. Failure to sense. Atrial pacing occurs after the intrinsic P…

…and one in the ventricle. Dual chamber systems offer the possibility of sensing and pacing in both the atria and ventricles. Sensing The pacemaker can…

…deliver pacing pulses, sensing (analyzing electrical activity in the heart) and store electrocardiograms. The pacemaker is powered by a lithium battery with a lifespan of…

…wide QRS complexes; do not delay pacing in order to try yet another dose. Chronotropic support is given as an infusion of isoprenaline, adrenaline or…