…lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, are important risk enhancing conditions and are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and several other comorbidities also contribute…

…used for type 1 myocardial infarction are fulfilled. The temporal relationship to stent implantation should always be specified. Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich…

…most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals…

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…

…Contraindications Absolute: Cellulitis, a skin wound or other infection over the injection site. Bacteraemia or suspected septic bursitis or arthritis. A joint prosthesis in the…

…for pathological R wave progression is considerably lower than pathological Q waves and guidelines do not state any ECG criteria specific to R wave progression…

…pathophysiology Secondary hypertension is elevated blood pressure attributable to a specific, identifiable underlying cause. It should be considered in every patient with newly diagnosed or…

…Other Differential Diagnoses ST segment elevations simulating acute ischemia or infarction may also occur in the following conditions [15]: Myocarditis Early repolarization patterns Left bundle…

…Despite their proven morbidity and mortality benefits, their use is limited by specific adverse effects. Most of these adverse events are related to the suppression…

…release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated troponin, so biomarker interpretation…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…presentation and other findings. A reduced CFR may occur with angiographically insignificant epicardial disease because of abnormalities in the coronary resistance vessels. Left ventricular hypertrophy…

…responds to further cholinesterase inhibition. The test has a sensitivity of around 60 % and is not specific: motor neurone disease, myopathies and Lambert–Eaton syndrome…

…preferably anteroposteriorly : one anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula and the spine…

…containing lipoproteins, including: LDL Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non…

…They should not be applied as the principal risk tool in people with: Documented atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) Diabetes mellitus in circumstances where diabetes specific…

…heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities. CKD also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The…

…discouraged. However, it retains a specific niche in contemporary cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. The pharmacologic foundation of digoxin lies in its inhibition of the Na+ K+ ATPase…

…other hyperdynamic states In cardiac amyloidosis, BNP or NT proBNP may be markedly elevated even when overt congestion is not apparent. Such a discrepancy should…

…as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents Catheter ablation Critical illness Defibrillator shocks Strenuous exercise Cardiac contusion The diagnosis should therefore distinguish isolated…

…and acute coronary syndromes HF across the spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction AF and other arrhythmias Ischaemic stroke PAD CKD with associated cardiovascular complications…

…of cervical spine injury, in which scenario head tilt chin lift should only be used if other methods fail to open the airway. Figure 1…

…have specific contraindications: Adenosine, Dipyridamole, Regadenoson : Should be avoided in patients with active bronchospasm, severe hypotension, or high degree AV block. Caffeine and other methylxanthines…

…and subject preparations. We will also discuss the relevance of withholding specific cardioactive medications during exercise testing (exercise ECG). Indications for exercise stress test Indications…

…examination, other examinations (which are not included in the standard examination), may be warranted. For most pathological conditions, there are specific guidelines (see links below)…

…intense emotional stress, acute pain or other stimuli that increases vagal tone. In all other situations, sinus arrest/pause should be considered abnormal, and the…

…to be the cause of the ST segment depression. The horizontal ST segment depression is more specific than the downsloping depression. Refer to Figure 1 …

…aorta can be regarded as a cylinder, and the same assumption can be made for the other valves. The area is calculated by measuring the…

…intestinal transit. Coffee ground vomiting is less specific than fresh haematemesis and can also be seen when the bleeding is slow or has stopped. The…

…UA presents with compatible ischaemic symptoms but without cardiac specific troponin elevation above the 99th percentile. The clinical presentation should not be interpreted in isolation…

…arrest. Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination or general evaluation of patients with bradycardia. Diagnostics…

…reaction 0.37 Haemodynamic complications 0.26 Cardiac chamber perforation 0.03 Other complications 0.28 Total major complications 1.70 In another large diagnostic…

…deciding whether an intermediate lesion should be revascularized. Coronary pressure assessment is consequently recommended to complement ICA, particularly for intermediate non left main coronary stenoses…

…mortality and should influence the choice between PCI and CABG. Physical examination findings are not specific to left main disease. The examination should nevertheless assess…

…Other guideline formulations similarly define resistant hypertension as blood pressure above goal despite three or more antihypertensive drugs from different classes at maximally tolerated doses…

…dysfunction, and hypercoagulability [1] [2] . Mechanical stasis in AF is most pronounced in the left atrial appendage (LAA). The LAA is a highly trabeculated, windsock…

…ECG changes and symptoms. Troponins and other biomarkers of myocardial necrosis (infarction) Myocardium can endure 20 to 30 minutes of complete ischemia. After this period…

…of the nine parameters listed above. Many of the diagnoses mentioned below are discussed in detail in other chapters, to which links are provided throughout…

…during sleep; in these scenarios, it should not be considered abnormal. On the other hand, sinus bradycardia developing during physical exercise is considered abnormal, because…

…ECG and clinical examination, blood tests and other radiological examinations are most often required, in particular computed tomography (DT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI…

…patient is drowsy, difficult to rouse, hypervigilant, or has reduced orientation to the surroundings Other cognitive disturbance Disorientation, memory impairment, disorganised thinking, language disturbance or…

…resistant to resolution. Known predictors of cardiac arrest The only risk biomarker in genuinely widespread use is left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), measured by echocardiography…

…should not be used. Specific dosing adjustments are required in certain patient populations: Pediatric patients: For patients weighing less than 50 kg, the dosing should…

…5]. Localization: While often retrosternal, the pain may be localized to the left anterior chest and can radiate to the neck, shoulders, and arms, sometimes…

…history. The evaluation should establish: The magnitude of untreated LDL C elevation. The presence and age of onset of premature CAD or other vascular disease…

…despite obvious clinical presentation. It should be noted that the ECG features of Brugada syndrome are fairly specific to the disorder, provided that the clinical…

…indicating microvascular dysfunction or other pathologies. The software allows for detailed regional analysis of myocardial perfusion, highlighting specific segments of the left ventricle that demonstrate…

…electrolyte imbalances are clinically negligible (from an electrophysiological standpoint), whereas others may be life threatening. The most common and clinically most relevant electrolyte imbalances concern…

…and patients with advanced renal failure, marked heart failure or circulatory shock require a specific protocol and early specialist involvement. DKA and HHS are dynamic…

…associated with roughly one in five strokes. Thrombus formation is most commonly related to the left atrial appendage, although competing mechanisms such as large artery…

…Akutsjukvård Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the…

…administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for…

…C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…injury, recent cervical spine surgery, atlantoaxial instability, severe rheumatoid arthritis of the neck. Symptomatic carotid stenosis, recent stroke or TIA in the vertebrobasilar territory. Retinal…

…Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other platelet aggregation inhibitors: Salicylates inhibit platelet function and enhance the effect of anticoagulants, increasing bleeding risk. Monitor coagulation…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs Corticosteroid therapy Other antiplatelet or antithrombotic drugs Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Patient selection Aspirin should not be prescribed routinely to individuals…

…history should include: previous TIA or stroke; symptoms suggesting current or recent cerebral ischaemia; known CAD, PAD, or other atherosclerotic disease; diabetes and other cardiovascular…

…Study, which demonstrated that high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction…