…if there is suspicion of cervical spine injury, in which scenario head tilt chin lift should only be used if other methods fail to open…

…level of consciousness immediately. 2. Check oxygen saturation and capillary glucose. 3. Exclude immediately treatable threats without delay: hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, circulatory failure, sepsis, stroke, intracranial…

…be specified. Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with…

…beats per minute. Note that with a paper speed of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2…

…diagnosis. With a longer expected delay and a symptom duration of less than 12 hours, immediate fibrinolysis is recommended in the absence of contraindications, followed…

…10–20 mg 20–40 mg 1–2 mL The doses follow the summaries of product characteristics: Lederspan specifies 10–20 mg periarticularly in bursitis…

…and guidelines do not state any ECG criteria specific to R wave progression. Figure 1. Pathological R wave progression is indicative of previous myocardial infarction…

…Female specific or female predominant factors associated with later cardiovascular risk include: Premature menopause Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy Preeclampsia Preterm delivery Gestational…

…all adults with confirmed hypertension, defined in the cited recommendation as blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg. Screening is particularly pertinent in the presence of hypokalaemia…

…Criteria for ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) The diagnosis of STEMI relies on specific electrocardiographic thresholds for ST segment elevation measured at the J point…

…The diagnosis of ACE inhibitor induced cough is primarily clinical and relies on the temporal association of the cough with the medication. Specific diagnostic criteria…

…elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated troponin, so biomarker interpretation must be integrated with the clinical…

…Disease specific genetic architecture HCM is predominantly associated with variants affecting sarcomeric proteins, particularly MYH7 and MYBPC3. Approximately 40–60% of tested patients have a…

…in the context of the clinical presentation and other findings. A reduced CFR may occur with angiographically insignificant epicardial disease because of abnormalities in the…

…in a patient with known myasthenia responds to further cholinesterase inhibition. The test has a sensitivity of around 60 % and is not specific: motor neurone…

…bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk of bradycardia. Transvenous pacing is chosen when the need…

…C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory reactions that promote plaque formation and progression. As the burden of retained…

…relevant in adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors…

…mL/min/1.73 m² Abnormal urinalysis or renal imaging Risk of progression rises with proteinuria and depends on cause 2 60 mL/min/1…

…control in atrial fibrillation, particularly when other therapeutic options cannot be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin may present with symptoms of digitalis toxicity, which manifests across…

…less acute outpatient symptoms. Natriuretic peptides supplement, rather than replace, clinical assessment. The result should be integrated with the history, examination, ECG, echocardiography, and other…

…myocardial injury , demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in cTn with at least one value above the 99th percentile URL; and Clinical evidence of…

…effects of hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and other conventional risk factors, together with diabetes specific vascular and metabolic abnormalities. Diabetes is associated with inflammation…

…have specific contraindications: Adenosine, Dipyridamole, Regadenoson : Should be avoided in patients with active bronchospasm, severe hypotension, or high degree AV block. Caffeine and other methylxanthines…

…and subject preparations. We will also discuss the relevance of withholding specific cardioactive medications during exercise testing (exercise ECG). Indications for exercise stress test Indications…

…examination, other examinations (which are not included in the standard examination), may be warranted. For most pathological conditions, there are specific guidelines (see links below)…

…is competition between these latent pacemakers, the one with the fastest intrinsic rate of depolarization will be the pacemaker, which means that it usually is…

…of the ST segment depression. The horizontal ST segment depression is more specific than the downsloping depression. Refer to Figure 1 . Figure 1. Characteristics of…

…late systole, and no flow during diastole. Doppler is capable of recording these flow variations with high precision. To calculate flow across a valve, the…

…Intubation is reasonable in: a reduced level of consciousness with inadequate protective reflexes active major haematemesis severe agitation respiratory failure an anticipated difficult or prolonged…

…Persistent shortness of breath. Weakness, dizziness, light headedness, or loss of consciousness. No symptoms at the time of assessment. Ongoing chest discomfort with electrical or…

…provide specific details regarding the physical examination or general evaluation of patients with bradycardia. Diagnostics Electrocardiographic assessment is fundamental to the diagnosis and management of…

…is associated with fewer vascular and bleeding complications than femoral access. In patients with acute coronary syndrome, randomized evidence has demonstrated lower rates of access…

…and lesion haziness raise suspicion of thrombus, although haziness is not specific. Intravascular imaging can identify plaque disruption, thrombus and other structural features that may…

…not reverse coronary atherosclerosis. Long term benefit therefore depends on the integration of revascularisation with guideline directed medical therapy and secondary prevention. Clinical Presentation and…

…than through specific symptoms. The clinical importance lies in its association with: Increased cardiovascular disease risk; Greater risk of myocardial infarction; Increased risk of stroke…

…the loss of organized atrial systole. Transesophageal echocardiography and surgical pathology demonstrate that over 90% of thrombi in non valvular AF originate within this specific…

…or ECG changes consistent with myocardial infarction/ischemia. Most patients, however, display both ECG changes and symptoms. Troponins and other biomarkers of myocardial necrosis (infarction…

…be familiar with normal findings, normal variants, and pathology in neonates, infants and during the childhood years. Below follows a discussion on each of the…

…On the other hand, sinus bradycardia developing during physical exercise is considered abnormal, because heart rate must increase during exercise. Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias The…

…blood tests and other radiological examinations are most often required, in particular computed tomography (DT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Anatomy of the pericardium…

…occur in patients with preserved LVEF, for whom no practical risk prediction tool currently exists. At the other end, roughly two thirds of ICDs implanted…

…Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside present throughout the body that interacts with G protein coupled A1 receptors located on the extracellular surface of cardiac cells…

…with palpation is often indicative of a noncardiac source [4]. 3. Pneumonia with Pleurisy Pain Characteristics: Pleuritic pain is a common presentation [2]. 4. Other…

…they are less specific for FH. Corneal arcus is particularly informative when it occurs before age 45 years. Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia HoFH typically presents with:…

…features of Brugada syndrome are fairly specific to the disorder, provided that the clinical characteristics are in line with the disorder. There are however other…

…potentially indicating microvascular dysfunction or other pathologies. The software allows for detailed regional analysis of myocardial perfusion, highlighting specific segments of the left ventricle that…

…at the top. Refer to Figure 1 . Patients with left ventricular hypertrophy may instead display normalization of secondary T wave inversions (lead V5, V6, aVL…

…Children, pregnant women and patients with advanced renal failure, marked heart failure or circulatory shock require a specific protocol and early specialist involvement. DKA and…

…require no specific acute therapy beyond appropriate anticoagulation and management of ventricular rate. However, AF causing acute haemodynamic instability requires prompt treatment, with electrical cardioversion…

…work of breathing, level of consciousness and circulation. 2. Give controlled oxygen with a target of 88 to 92 percent until the risk of hypercapnia…

…active substance or any excipient. Active bleeding. Previous intracranial hemorrhage. Severe liver impairment. Concurrent administration of ticagrelor with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole, clarithromycin…

…to LDL and other apoB containing particles. Cardiovascular risk categories Primary prevention For adults aged 40–75 years without diabetes and with LDL C between…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…tilting the head backwards. A symptom free interval between attacks, with possible residual unsteadiness. No hearing loss, tinnitus or neurological deficits. In horizontal positional vertigo…

…the efficacy of diuretics and antihypertensives. Risk of acute kidney injury increases when combined with ACE inhibitors. Corticosteroids and other NSAIDs: Increased risk of gastrointestinal…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…aggregation. Because aspirin affects only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The…

…with carotid stenosis have no focal neurological symptoms. Asymptomatic disease may be discovered during targeted duplex ultrasound (DUS), pre operative assessment, or evaluation of other…

…Individuals with homozygous FH typically die from acute myocardial infarction at 20 to 30 years of age. People with familial hypercholesterolemia have no other metabolic…