…small vessels, multivessel disease, bifurcation lesions, treatment of acute myocardial infarction Procedural and mechanical Stent underexpansion, incomplete wall apposition, residual inflow or outflow disease, edge…

…beats per minute. Note that with a paper speed of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2…

…pads if the patient is unstable or at marked risk of arrhythmia. 4. Take a full blood count, electrolytes, creatinine, glucose, high sensitivity troponin and…

…of product characteristics: Lederspan specifies 10–20 mg periarticularly in bursitis, tendinitis, tenosynovitis and epicondylitis, and Depo Medrol 4–30 mg into a bursa and…

…Q waves and guidelines do not state any ECG criteria specific to R wave progression. Figure 1. Pathological R wave progression is indicative of previous…

…than men after approximately 65 years of age. Hypertension related left ventricular hypertrophy, concentric remodelling, reduced longitudinal strain and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction…

…blood pressure Other cardiovascular risk factors and relevant comorbidities Evidence of hypertension mediated organ damage Existing cardiac, cerebrovascular, or renal disease The possibility of a…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Lathundar ECG Criteria for ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) The diagnosis of STEMI relies on specific electrocardiographic thresholds for ST…

…transient swelling of the subcutaneous or submucosal tissues, most frequently involving the face, lips, tongue, and upper airway. Due to the risk of airway compromise…

…the chest and may extend to the arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, upper back, abdomen, or epigastrium. Dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, fatigue, faintness, and other symptoms…

…X linked or other non autosomal dominant mechanisms. Complex or multifactorial genetic architecture. The inheritance pattern affects the appropriate scope and duration of family surveillance…

…clinical presentation and other findings. A reduced CFR may occur with angiographically insignificant epicardial disease because of abnormalities in the coronary resistance vessels. Left ventricular…

…obstruction of the bowel or the urinary tract. Marked bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other marked…

…to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula and the spine. The anterolateral position also works and is…

…low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non HDL C provides a broader estimate of atherogenic cholesterol than LDL C alone…

…adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast…

…The cardiovascular burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or…

…evaluation of patients receiving digoxin reveals specific electrophysiologic profiles. Digoxin's autonomic actions largely slow the sinus node discharge rate, shorten atrial refractoriness, and prolong…

…plasma concentrations of the two peptides are not interchangeable. Natriuretic peptide concentrations reflect haemodynamic stress, but their release is not specific to left ventricular systolic…

…concentration above the assay specific 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL). It is considered acute when there is a rise and/or fall in cTn…

…including chronic coronary syndromes and acute coronary syndromes HF across the spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction AF and other arrhythmias Ischaemic stroke PAD CKD…

…to treat (NNT) for the ACLS specific interventions is much higher or uncertain, meaning that the efficacy of these interventions is much lower or uncertain…

…have specific contraindications: Adenosine, Dipyridamole, Regadenoson : Should be avoided in patients with active bronchospasm, severe hypotension, or high degree AV block. Caffeine and other methylxanthines…

…contraindications, and subject preparations. We will also discuss the relevance of withholding specific cardioactive medications during exercise testing (exercise ECG). Indications for exercise stress test…

…increases the quality of the examination, and allows for standardized comparisons of serial examinations. If pathology is discovered during the standard examination, other examinations (which…

…benign and the most common cause of sinus arrest/pause. It commonly affects younger individuals who endure intense emotional stress, acute pain or other stimuli…

…In STE ACS, on the other hand, the ST segment depressions are secondary findings and the primary findings are the ST segment elevations. As explained…

…the other valves. The area is calculated by measuring the diameter of the valve ( area = π × radius 2 , where radius = diameter/2 ), and…

…commonest cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but the differential diagnosis includes oesophagitis, gastritis, a Mallory Weiss tear, a Dieulafoy lesion, angiodysplasia, malignancy and an aortoenteric…

…definition of MI. Type 1 MI is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and…

…Biomarkers and Laboratory Findings The source material does not provide information on biomarkers or laboratory findings specific to the evaluation of bradycardia. Treatment and Management…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…intraluminal mass and lesion haziness raise suspicion of thrombus, although haziness is not specific. Intravascular imaging can identify plaque disruption, thrombus and other structural features…

…a specific examination profile or diagnostic physical signs for LMCAD. Diagnostic Assessment Coronary angiography Invasive coronary angiography defines: The presence and severity of left main…

…or detection of prescribed drugs in blood or urine. The terms “controlled resistant hypertension,” referring to blood pressure controlled with four or more medications, and …

…loss of organized atrial systole. Transesophageal echocardiography and surgical pathology demonstrate that over 90% of thrombi in non valvular AF originate within this specific anatomical…

…however, display both ECG changes and symptoms. Troponins and other biomarkers of myocardial necrosis (infarction) Myocardium can endure 20 to 30 minutes of complete ischemia…

…terms of rhythm, morphology, normal findings, normal variants, etc – from adult electrocardiograms. It is crucial to be familiar with normal findings, normal variants, and pathology…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning…

…the volume, echogenicity and location of the effusion. Regarding the location, an effusion may be general (circumferential) or localized to a specific area. The effusion…

…to recite the months of the year backwards. A normal result does not exclude delirium, however, and an abnormal result is not specific to delirium…

…prediction tool currently exists. At the other end, roughly two thirds of ICDs implanted for reduced LVEF never deliver an appropriate shock, so the false…

…of supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs), usually within 30 seconds. Doses higher than 18 mg are unlikely to revert a tachycardia and should not be used. Specific…

…While often retrosternal, the pain may be localized to the left anterior chest and can radiate to the neck, shoulders, and arms, sometimes following the…

…The magnitude of untreated LDL C elevation. The presence and age of onset of premature CAD or other vascular disease. A history of myocardial infarction…

…features of Brugada syndrome are fairly specific to the disorder, provided that the clinical characteristics are in line with the disorder. There are however other…

…highlighting specific segments of the left ventricle that demonstrate abnormalities. These tools compare perfusion data to population based reference databases, often adjusted for sex and…

…waves are tall and narrow at the top. Refer to Figure 1 . Patients with left ventricular hypertrophy may instead display normalization of secondary T wave…

…response and by repeated laboratory measurements, not by the values on admission alone. Diagnosis Current diagnostic criteria According to the international consensus report of 2024…

…develop during acute management. AF is often haemodynamically tolerated and may require no specific acute therapy beyond appropriate anticoagulation and management of ventricular rate. However…

…set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas determines the need for…

Info Table 1 provides a summary of the indications, contraindications, dosage, administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary…

…reflects the concentration of circulating atherogenic particles because each apoB containing particle carries one apoB molecule. LDL C, non HDL C and apoB are usually…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes…

…history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks of vertigo, seconds…

…Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other platelet aggregation inhibitors: Salicylates inhibit platelet function and enhance the effect of anticoagulants, increasing bleeding risk. Monitor coagulation…

…and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and…

…one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary…

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

…FH). Heterozygous FH results in high LDL cholesterol levels (but nothing else) and increases the risk of acute myocardial infarction by more than 50 times…