…discouraged. However, it retains a specific niche in contemporary cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. The pharmacologic foundation of digoxin lies in its inhibition of the Na+ K+ ATPase…

…used for type 1 myocardial infarction are fulfilled. The temporal relationship to stent implantation should always be specified. Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich…

…most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals…

Kardiologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Overview Acute coronary syndrome comprises STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable…

…Medial epicondylitis At the flexor origin Avoid the ulnar nerve Carpal tunnel syndrome The carpal tunnel An acceptable bridge to surgery De Quervain's tenosynovitis…

…for pathological R wave progression is considerably lower than pathological Q waves and guidelines do not state any ECG criteria specific to R wave progression…

…diabetes Small for gestational age delivery Placental abruption Pregnancy loss Polycystic ovary syndrome Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea Fertility therapy and assisted reproductive technology The extent to…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Secondary hypertension is elevated blood pressure attributable to a specific, identifiable underlying cause. It should be considered in every…

…Criteria for ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) The diagnosis of STEMI relies on specific electrocardiographic thresholds for ST segment elevation measured at the J point…

…the temporal association of the cough with the medication. Specific diagnostic criteria for cough hypersensitivity syndrome are lacking; the diagnosis is suspected when alternative etiologies…

…of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Other cardiopulmonary causes , including myopericardial disease…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…reserve (FFR) is an invasive, lesion specific physiological index used to estimate the functional significance of an epicardial coronary stenosis. It is defined during maximal…

…test has a sensitivity of around 60 % and is not specific: motor neurone disease, myopathies and Lambert–Eaton syndrome may also give a positive result…

…sinus syndrome with long pauses. Bradycardia in poisoning with a beta blocker, a calcium channel blocker or digitalis, while awaiting the antidote and specific treatment…

…containing lipoproteins, including: LDL Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non…

…hypercholesterolaemia Other markedly abnormal single risk factors or genetic, rare lipid, or BP disorders Pregnancy Established ASCVD includes previous acute coronary syndrome, chronic coronary syndromes…

…heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities. CKD also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The…

…Natriuretic peptide concentrations reflect haemodynamic stress, but their release is not specific to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Levels may also rise with: Left ventricular diastolic…

…Cardiomyopathy Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo syndrome Pulmonary embolism Recent coronary revascularization Infiltrative disease, such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents Catheter…

…dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and other conventional risk factors, together with diabetes specific vascular and metabolic abnormalities. Diabetes is associated with inflammation, thrombosis and accelerated atherosclerosis…

…the interventions available in BLS, the number needed to treat (NNT) for the ACLS specific interventions is much higher or uncertain, meaning that the efficacy…

…have specific contraindications: Adenosine, Dipyridamole, Regadenoson : Should be avoided in patients with active bronchospasm, severe hypotension, or high degree AV block. Caffeine and other methylxanthines…

…and subject preparations. We will also discuss the relevance of withholding specific cardioactive medications during exercise testing (exercise ECG). Indications for exercise stress test Indications…

…examination, other examinations (which are not included in the standard examination), may be warranted. For most pathological conditions, there are specific guidelines (see links below)…

…either of the following three structures (discussed in detail in Chapter 1): Specific clusters of atrial myocardium : There are clusters of atrial myocardium that possess…

…to be the cause of the ST segment depression. The horizontal ST segment depression is more specific than the downsloping depression. Refer to Figure 1 …

…aorta can be regarded as a cylinder, and the same assumption can be made for the other valves. The area is calculated by measuring the…

…intestinal transit. Coffee ground vomiting is less specific than fresh haematemesis and can also be seen when the bleeding is slow or has stopped. The…

Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) comprises a spectrum of clinical presentations caused by suspected acute myocardial ischaemia…

…a spectrum of rhythm disturbances characterized by an inappropriately slow heart rate. Within the context of acute coronary syndromes, particularly ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)…

…reaction 0.37 Haemodynamic complications 0.26 Cardiac chamber perforation 0.03 Other complications 0.28 Total major complications 1.70 In another large diagnostic…

…thrombus, although haziness is not specific. Intravascular imaging can identify plaque disruption, thrombus and other structural features that may not be evident on angiography alone…

…disease The extent of jeopardized myocardium Left ventricular systolic function Diabetes and other comorbidities Anatomical complexity and completeness of possible revascularization A proximal lesion jeopardizes…

…Other guideline formulations similarly define resistant hypertension as blood pressure above goal despite three or more antihypertensive drugs from different classes at maximally tolerated doses…

…systole. Transesophageal echocardiography and surgical pathology demonstrate that over 90% of thrombi in non valvular AF originate within this specific anatomical cul de sac [19] …

…ECG changes and symptoms. Troponins and other biomarkers of myocardial necrosis (infarction) Myocardium can endure 20 to 30 minutes of complete ischemia. After this period…

…of the nine parameters listed above. Many of the diagnoses mentioned below are discussed in detail in other chapters, to which links are provided throughout…

…of arrhythmias) is presented in this chapter, followed by in depth discussions of specific arrhythmias in subsequent chapters. Cardiac arrhythmias can be subdivided into the…

…ECG and clinical examination, blood tests and other radiological examinations are most often required, in particular computed tomography (DT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI…

…use drugs only in severe agitation or marked distress. Delirium is an acute neuropsychiatric syndrome and a clinical diagnosis, often described as acute brain failure…

…familiar to every electrophysiologist, is that LVEF is both insensitive and non specific for SCD. Most people who die suddenly never had an ejection fraction…

…as a rapid intravenous bolus. Unlike many other intravenous medications where rapid boluses risk hemodynamic instability or transiently toxic concentrations, adenosine requires a rapidly delivered…

…herpes zoster pain are other considerations when assessing chest pain [2]. Autoimmune/Malignancy: A history suggesting an autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest specific…

…Corneal arcus and xanthelasma can also occur, although they are less specific for FH. Corneal arcus is particularly informative when it occurs before age 45…

…of Brugada syndrome are fairly specific to the disorder, provided that the clinical characteristics are in line with the disorder. There are however other disorders…

…potentially indicating microvascular dysfunction or other pathologies. The software allows for detailed regional analysis of myocardial perfusion, highlighting specific segments of the left ventricle that…

…electrolyte imbalances are clinically negligible (from an electrophysiological standpoint), whereas others may be life threatening. The most common and clinically most relevant electrolyte imbalances concern…

…and patients with advanced renal failure, marked heart failure or circulatory shock require a specific protocol and early specialist involvement. DKA and HHS are dynamic…

…patients have frequent symptomatic episodes, whereas others have brief or asymptomatic episodes that are not detected during routine clinical assessment. The clinical burden of AF…

…Akutsjukvård Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the…

…administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for…

…particularly in patients with: Diabetes or other cardiometabolic risk factors Obesity Insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome Elevated triglycerides Low or apparently well controlled LDL C…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre…

…Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other platelet aggregation inhibitors: Salicylates inhibit platelet function and enhance the effect of anticoagulants, increasing bleeding risk. Monitor coagulation…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and…

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

…Study, which demonstrated that high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction…