…Myocardial injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated…

…an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic…

…Female specific or female predominant factors associated with later cardiovascular risk include: Premature menopause Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy Preeclampsia Preterm delivery Gestational…

…Non ischaemic myocardial injury may accompany numerous cardiac and systemic disorders, including: Cardiac causes Systemic causes Heart failure Sepsis Myocarditis Chronic kidney disease Cardiomyopathy Stroke…

…impairment to develop, leaving persistent hypertension despite correction of the initiating disorder. Earlier diagnosis is associated with a greater likelihood of cure. When to investigate…

…HMOD) Probable or definite familial hypercholesterolaemia Other markedly abnormal single risk factors or genetic, rare lipid, or BP disorders Pregnancy Established ASCVD includes previous acute…

…scope Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular…

…and lesion haziness raise suspicion of thrombus, although haziness is not specific. Intravascular imaging can identify plaque disruption, thrombus and other structural features that may…

…of Brugada syndrome are fairly specific to the disorder, provided that the clinical characteristics are in line with the disorder. There are however other disorders…

…often indicative of a noncardiac source [4]. 3. Pneumonia with Pleurisy Pain Characteristics: Pleuritic pain is a common presentation [2]. 4. Other Systemic/Local Causes…

…of serious arrhythmias. This is possible because there is a correlation between the severity of electrolyte imbalance and the visible ECG changes. Specific electrolyte disorders…

…implantation should always be specified. Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or…

…beats per minute. Note that with a paper speed of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2…

…begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical contact, attach continuous rhythm monitoring…

…10–20 mg 20–40 mg 1–2 mL The doses follow the summaries of product characteristics: Lederspan specifies 10–20 mg periarticularly in bursitis…

…and guidelines do not state any ECG criteria specific to R wave progression. Figure 1. Pathological R wave progression is indicative of previous myocardial infarction…

…Criteria for ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) The diagnosis of STEMI relies on specific electrocardiographic thresholds for ST segment elevation measured at the J point…

…their use is limited by specific adverse effects. Most of these adverse events are related to the suppression of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS)…

…reserve (FFR) is an invasive, lesion specific physiological index used to estimate the functional significance of an epicardial coronary stenosis. It is defined during maximal…

…responds to further cholinesterase inhibition. The test has a sensitivity of around 60 % and is not specific: motor neurone disease, myopathies and Lambert–Eaton syndrome…

…preferably anteroposteriorly : one anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula and the spine…

…C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory reactions that promote plaque formation and progression. As the burden of retained…

…atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities. CKD also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The association is…

…fibrillation, particularly when other therapeutic options cannot be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin may present with symptoms of digitalis toxicity, which manifests across multiple organ systems…

…plasma concentrations of the two peptides are not interchangeable. Natriuretic peptide concentrations reflect haemodynamic stress, but their release is not specific to left ventricular systolic…

…is mediated by the combined effects of hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and other conventional risk factors, together with diabetes specific vascular and metabolic abnormalities…

…to treat (NNT) for the ACLS specific interventions is much higher or uncertain, meaning that the efficacy of these interventions is much lower or uncertain…

…have specific contraindications: Adenosine, Dipyridamole, Regadenoson : Should be avoided in patients with active bronchospasm, severe hypotension, or high degree AV block. Caffeine and other methylxanthines…

…and subject preparations. We will also discuss the relevance of withholding specific cardioactive medications during exercise testing (exercise ECG). Indications for exercise stress test Indications…

…examination, other examinations (which are not included in the standard examination), may be warranted. For most pathological conditions, there are specific guidelines (see links below)…

…pacemaker (or other ectopic focus) are referred to as an escape rhythm. In most cases, the escape rhythm originates in either of the following three…

…of the ST segment depression. The horizontal ST segment depression is more specific than the downsloping depression. Refer to Figure 1 . Figure 1. Characteristics of…

…and the same assumption can be made for the other valves. The area is calculated by measuring the diameter of the valve ( area = π …

…intestinal transit. Coffee ground vomiting is less specific than fresh haematemesis and can also be seen when the bleeding is slow or has stopped. The…

…specific troponin elevation above the 99th percentile. The clinical presentation should not be interpreted in isolation. The initial diagnosis and triage depend on integration of…

…digitalis excess. Biomarkers and Laboratory Findings The source material does not provide information on biomarkers or laboratory findings specific to the evaluation of bradycardia. Treatment…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…and CABG. Physical examination findings are not specific to left main disease. The examination should nevertheless assess the consequences of extensive myocardial ischaemia, including heart…

…than through specific symptoms. The clinical importance lies in its association with: Increased cardiovascular disease risk; Greater risk of myocardial infarction; Increased risk of stroke…

…risk factor [2] . This change reflects robust evidence that female sex alone, in the absence of other comorbidities, does not significantly increase stroke risk. Conversely…

…the onset of myocardial infarction. Cardiac troponin T and troponin I have emerged as the preferred biomarkers because they are extremely sensitive and specific for…

…variations in heart rate are due to variations in the activity of the autonomic nervous system and changes in the automaticity of the sinoatrial node…

…into the following categories: Bradyarrhythmia s (bradycardia): arrhythmias commonly due to dysfunctional automaticity in pacemaker cells or blocking of impulses somewhere along the conduction system…

…blood tests and other radiological examinations are most often required, in particular computed tomography (DT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Anatomy of the pericardium…

…poisoning, withdrawal or several factors Inattention is central. A simple check is to ask the patient to recite the months of the year backwards. A…

…prediction tool currently exists. At the other end, roughly two thirds of ICDs implanted for reduced LVEF never deliver an appropriate shock, so the false…

…a central vein, the initial dose should be reduced. Dosage and Dose Escalation To terminate tachycardia, adenosine is rapidly injected intravenously at initial doses of…

…potentially indicating microvascular dysfunction or other pathologies. The software allows for detailed regional analysis of myocardial perfusion, highlighting specific segments of the left ventricle that…

…Always follow the local protocol for exact infusion rates, electrolyte concentrations and level of care. This quick reference is intended primarily for adults and summarises…

…whereas others have brief or asymptomatic episodes that are not detected during routine clinical assessment. The clinical burden of AF does not reliably predict stroke…

…a systemic corticosteroid if the exacerbation is more than mild. 6. Assess the indication for antibiotics on the basis of sputum purulence, the other cardinal…

…and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for the prevention of…

…C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…A single central feature is enough to proceed with urgent investigation , and a normal CT of the brain does not exclude an infarction in the…

…NSAIDs). Other contraindications: Hemophilia. Thrombocytopenia. Active gastric or duodenal ulcers. Liver cirrhosis. Severe heart failure. Doses 100 mg/day during the third trimester of pregnancy…

…and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and…

…aggregation. Because aspirin affects only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The…

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

…follow. Consider people with the genetic disorder familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), which is caused by genetic mutations affecting the elimination of LDL cholesterol from the blood…