…are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and several other comorbidities also contribute to the disproportionate cardiovascular burden in women. Depression and anxiety are…

…Cure is not universal, however. Delayed recognition may permit vascular remodelling and renal impairment to develop, leaving persistent hypertension despite correction of the initiating disorder…

…elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated troponin, so biomarker interpretation must be integrated with the clinical…

…scope Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular…

…injury. Myocardial injury Myocardial injury is defined by at least one cardiac troponin (cTn) concentration above the assay specific 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL)…

…should not be applied as the principal risk tool in people with: Documented atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) Diabetes mellitus in circumstances where diabetes specific risk…

…thrombus, although haziness is not specific. Intravascular imaging can identify plaque disruption, thrombus and other structural features that may not be evident on angiography alone…

…syndrome are fairly specific to the disorder, provided that the clinical characteristics are in line with the disorder. There are however other disorders that may…

…and the visible ECG changes. Specific electrolyte disorders 1. Sodium Increased (hypernatremia) and decreased (hyponatremia) sodium levels do not have any effect on the ECG…

…may develop when the disorder is not recognized early in life. Corneal arcus and xanthelasma can also occur, although they are less specific for FH…

…herpes zoster pain are other considerations when assessing chest pain [2]. Autoimmune/Malignancy: A history suggesting an autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest specific…

…crush technique, stent fracture or collapse Lesion specific angiographic features Residual dissection at a stent margin, impaired flow into or out of the stent, stent…

…is not capable of conducting all impulses, which is why some impulses will be blocked. The degree of blocking in the atrioventricular node is specified…

…assess the circulation and the bleeding risk, and exclude dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time…

…an NSAID, an orthosis — has not given a sufficient effect. Contraindications Absolute: Cellulitis, a skin wound or other infection over the injection site. Bacteraemia or…

…the specificity for pathological R wave progression is considerably lower than pathological Q waves and guidelines do not state any ECG criteria specific to R…

…The ST segment elevation in acute pericarditis is typically diffuse, involving all leads except aVR and often V1, and does not correspond to a specific…

… the diagnosis is suspected when alternative etiologies are excluded by diagnostic testing or failed therapeutic trials. If alternative causes of cough are suspected, specific diagnostic…

…Thus, FFR is primarily an index of epicardial stenosis physiology and does not directly quantify the ability of the myocardial resistance vessels to augment flow…

…responds to further cholinesterase inhibition. The test has a sensitivity of around 60 % and is not specific: motor neurone disease, myopathies and Lambert–Eaton syndrome…

…a pulse that can be felt. The other predictable error is forgetting that pacing hurts a great deal in a conscious patient. Indications Immediate (transcutaneous)…

…an incomplete representation of atherogenic burden. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms ApoB elevation and increased non HDL C are laboratory abnormalities and do not produce specific

…improvement does not necessarily indicate an adverse outcome. Classification of CKD CKD severity is classified by eGFR and albuminuria. The following categories describe the principal…

…Diagnostics Electrocardiography and Electrophysiology Electrocardiographic evaluation of patients receiving digoxin reveals specific electrophysiologic profiles. Digoxin's autonomic actions largely slow the sinus node discharge rate…

…plasma concentrations of the two peptides are not interchangeable. Natriuretic peptide concentrations reflect haemodynamic stress, but their release is not specific to left ventricular systolic…

…The excess risk is mediated by the combined effects of hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and other conventional risk factors, together with diabetes specific vascular…

…the tube) or coagulopathy (risk of bleeding). An advanced airway (tracheal tube, supraglottic airway) should be established as early as possible. Airway management should not…

…have specific contraindications: Adenosine, Dipyridamole, Regadenoson : Should be avoided in patients with active bronchospasm, severe hypotension, or high degree AV block. Caffeine and other methylxanthines…

…and subject preparations. We will also discuss the relevance of withholding specific cardioactive medications during exercise testing (exercise ECG). Indications for exercise stress test Indications…

…during the standard examination, other examinations (which are not included in the standard examination), may be warranted. For most pathological conditions, there are specific guidelines…

…does not necessitate treatment but it might be wise to observe the patient for 24 hours (including ECG monitoring). In all other situations, the underlying…

…block in the left bundle branch (i.e left bundle branch block) means that the left ventricle will not be depolarized via the Purkinje network…

…only be used if the flow (Q) is constant, which is not the case in the heart. Blood flow is pulsatile during the cardiac cycle…

…haemoglobin early on does not exclude major bleeding. In acute blood loss, plasma and red cells are lost simultaneously, which means the haemoglobin can be…

…symptoms but without cardiac specific troponin elevation above the 99th percentile. The clinical presentation should not be interpreted in isolation. The initial diagnosis and triage…

…arrest. Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination or general evaluation of patients with bradycardia. Diagnostics…

…to coronary angiography in the general sense; the decision depends on balancing the expected diagnostic or therapeutic benefit against the patient’s specific procedural risks…

…The source material does not provide a specific examination profile or diagnostic physical signs for LMCAD. Diagnostic Assessment Coronary angiography Invasive coronary angiography defines: The…

…The apparently uncontrolled office blood pressure must be confirmed using home blood pressure monitoring or ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Other guideline formulations similarly define resistant…

…in the absence of other comorbidities, does not significantly increase stroke risk. Conversely, the 2023 ACC/AHA guidelines retain the "VASc" nomenclature but clarify that…

…and specific for myocardial injury. Elevated levels of cardiac troponins is firm evidence of myocardial necrosis (i.e infarction). This is explained by the fact…

…the following criteria: Regular rhythm with a ventricular rate within the age specific normal interval. P wave with constant morphology preceding every QRS complex. The…

…by the sinoatrial node) is a common finding in athletes and during sleep; in these scenarios, it should not be considered abnormal. On the other…

…and other radiological examinations are most often required, in particular computed tomography (DT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Anatomy of the pericardium The pericardium…

…abnormal result is not specific to delirium. Symptoms are often worse in the evening and at night, but diurnal variation is not a diagnostic requirement…

…and cheap to interpret. The limitation, familiar to every electrophysiologist, is that LVEF is both insensitive and non specific for SCD. Most people who die…

…and should not be used. Specific dosing adjustments are required in certain patient populations: Pediatric patients: For patients weighing less than 50 kg, the dosing…

…indicating microvascular dysfunction or other pathologies. The software allows for detailed regional analysis of myocardial perfusion, highlighting specific segments of the left ventricle that demonstrate…

…circulatory shock require a specific protocol and early specialist involvement. DKA and HHS are dynamic conditions. Treatment must be guided by the clinical response and…

…whereas others have brief or asymptomatic episodes that are not detected during routine clinical assessment. The clinical burden of AF does not reliably predict stroke…

…other cardinal symptoms and the severity of the illness. 7. Start NIV without undue delay in persistent hypercapnic respiratory acidosis, if invasive ventilation is not…

…is recommended. Creatinine levels may rise during treatment with ticagrelor. The mechanism is unclear. Kidney function should be monitored according to clinical practice. Special attention…

…density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role…

…ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy source…

…impossible Cerebellar infarction HINTS in continuous vertigo HINTS is not a test for BPPV. It is used in the acute vestibular syndrome — continuous vertigo with…

…NSAIDs). Other contraindications: Hemophilia. Thrombocytopenia. Active gastric or duodenal ulcers. Liver cirrhosis. Severe heart failure. Doses 100 mg/day during the third trimester of pregnancy…

…The source material does not specify the loading dose. Efficacy and harms In secondary prevention trials involving patients with previous vascular disease, aspirin reduced the…

…its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention…

…evaluation of other atherosclerotic disease. Routine population screening is not recommended because the prevalence of severe asymptomatic stenosis is low, screening has not been shown…

…cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. However, association is not the same as causation . A…