…for detecting coronary thrombus. Drug eluting stents (DES) may prolong the period of susceptibility because their antiproliferative agents can inhibit endothelialization. Very late thrombosis after…

…be blocked. The degree of blocking in the atrioventricular node is specified by counting the number of flutter waves preceding each QRS complex. If 3…

…unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical contact, attach…

…10–20 mg 20–40 mg 1–2 mL The doses follow the summaries of product characteristics: Lederspan specifies 10–20 mg periarticularly in bursitis…

…as in Figure 1 . Any type of infarction may cause pathological R wave progression. However, the specificity for pathological R wave progression is considerably lower…

…kidney disease and several other comorbidities also contribute to the disproportionate cardiovascular burden in women. Depression and anxiety are approximately twice as prevalent in women…

…Primary hyperaldosteronism is identified as the most frequent cause, comprising approximately 20–25% of secondary hypertension cases. Coarctation of the aorta and renovascular disease are…

…10]. The specific voltage thresholds vary based on patient age, sex, and lead location, as detailed below [8, 10]: Patient Demographic Lead Group ST Elevation…

…involve the sensitization of sensory nerve endings due to the accumulation of bradykinin. ACE is responsible for metabolizing bradykinin and other tachykinins, such as substance…

…symptom The symptom should be classified as cardiac , possibly cardiac , or non cardiac . The term “atypical” is discouraged because it may understate the possibility of…

…and MYBPC3. Approximately 40–60% of tested patients have a single variant identified as the cause of disease, although the yield varies by cohort. A…

…lesion specific physiological index used to estimate the functional significance of an epicardial coronary stenosis. It is defined during maximal pharmacological coronary vasodilation as the…

…responds to further cholinesterase inhibition. The test has a sensitivity of around 60 % and is not specific: motor neurone disease, myopathies and Lambert–Eaton syndrome…

…cuts cause burning pain. 2. Position the pads, preferably anteroposteriorly : one anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the…

…C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory reactions that promote plaque formation and progression. As the burden of retained…

…not be applied as the principal risk tool in people with: Documented atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) Diabetes mellitus in circumstances where diabetes specific risk assessment…

…The cardiovascular burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or…

…of more efficacious agents with wider therapeutic to toxic windows, and its routine use in adult patients is generally discouraged. However, it retains a specific…

…plasma concentrations of the two peptides are not interchangeable. Natriuretic peptide concentrations reflect haemodynamic stress, but their release is not specific to left ventricular systolic…

…such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents Catheter ablation Critical illness Defibrillator shocks Strenuous exercise Cardiac contusion The diagnosis should therefore distinguish…

…cardiovascular and all cause mortality. The excess risk is mediated by the combined effects of hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and other conventional risk factors…

…airway) should be established as early as possible. Airway management should not interrupt compressions for more than 5 seconds. The effect of cricoid pressure and…

…agents have specific contraindications: Adenosine, Dipyridamole, Regadenoson : Should be avoided in patients with active bronchospasm, severe hypotension, or high degree AV block. Caffeine and other…

…and subject preparations. We will also discuss the relevance of withholding specific cardioactive medications during exercise testing (exercise ECG). Indications for exercise stress test Indications…

…as detection of T waves and R waves. It is essential that T waves and R waves are clearly visible, since these waves trigger the…

…benign and the most common cause of sinus arrest/pause. It commonly affects younger individuals who endure intense emotional stress, acute pain or other stimuli…

…Otherwise, ischemia is unlikely to be the cause of the ST segment depression. The horizontal ST segment depression is more specific than the downsloping depression…

…regarded as a cylinder, and the same assumption can be made for the other valves. The area is calculated by measuring the diameter of the…

…ulcer bleeding are managed differently from the first minute. Peptic ulcer remains the commonest cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but the differential diagnosis includes oesophagitis…

…the fourth universal definition of MI. Type 1 MI is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of…

…such as digitalis excess. Biomarkers and Laboratory Findings The source material does not provide information on biomarkers or laboratory findings specific to the evaluation of…

…failure, and heart failure have been identified as important risk factors. Severe atherosclerosis of the axillary or subclavian arteries may increase the risk of embolization…

…regarded as an anatomical examination, contemporary ICA can provide complementary functional and structural information. Coronary pressure measurements permit assessment of the physiological significance of selected…

…provide a specific examination profile or diagnostic physical signs for LMCAD. Diagnostic Assessment Coronary angiography Invasive coronary angiography defines: The presence and severity of left…

…than through specific symptoms. The clinical importance lies in its association with: Increased cardiovascular disease risk; Greater risk of myocardial infarction; Increased risk of stroke…

…explicitly removing female sex as an independent risk factor [2] . This change reflects robust evidence that female sex alone, in the absence of other comorbidities…

…after the onset of myocardial infarction. Cardiac troponin T and troponin I have emerged as the preferred biomarkers because they are extremely sensitive and specific…

…and the underlying cause must be investigated. Pain, infections, medications, fever, hypovolemia, dehydration, anemia, hyperthyroidism and myocarditis are common etiologies. Treatment of the underlying cause…

…Abnormal impulse formation can cause arrhythmias by the following two mechanisms: Increased or abnormal automaticity Triggered activity Increased or abnormal automaticity As discussed in Chapter…

…careful investigation as several conditions may affect hemodynamics and the underlying cause is often serious (e. g. malignancy, amyloidosis). In case of suspicion of pericardial…

…has reduced orientation to the surroundings Other cognitive disturbance Disorientation, memory impairment, disorganised thinking, language disturbance or perceptual disturbance Organic cause The condition can be…

…value — the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF, for whom no practical risk prediction tool currently exists. At the other…

…first passage through the circulation. Due to this rapid clearance, adenosine must be administered as a rapid intravenous bolus. Unlike many other intravenous medications where…

…Lathundar Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Clinical Overview The evaluation of acute chest discomfort requires a systematic differential diagnosis, as the syndrome associated with…

…and age of onset of premature CAD or other vascular disease. A history of myocardial infarction or raised cholesterol among relatives. The presence of tendon…

…common (one third of patients), is defined as a wave occurring on the initial part of the ST segment. Hyperkalaemia may cause ST segment elevations…

…indicating microvascular dysfunction or other pathologies. The software allows for detailed regional analysis of myocardial perfusion, highlighting specific segments of the left ventricle that demonstrate…

…are of utmost clinical significance. There is a rather strong correlation between plasma potassium level and ECG changes, as well as the risk of arrhythmia…

…in choosing the level of care. The clinical state, the circulation, comorbidity and the precipitating cause carry at least as much weight as the laboratory…

…whereas others have brief or asymptomatic episodes that are not detected during routine clinical assessment. The clinical burden of AF does not reliably predict stroke…

…and other sedating drugs. Thromboembolic risk, for example immobilisation, cancer and previous venous thromboembolism. A documented decision on the ceiling of care. Signs of a…

…and are at high risk of a new event. Treatment can be started without interruption as continuation treatment after the initial one year treatment with…

…It is calculated as: Non HDL C = total cholesterol − HDL C Apolipoprotein B (apoB) reflects the concentration of circulating atherogenic particles because each apoB…

…ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy source…

…to place under the shoulders as an alternative to a hanging head. Frenzel goggles or video Frenzel if available — small beats of nystagmus can otherwise…

…and other NSAIDs: Increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding when combined with acetylsalicylic acid. Uric acid excretion agents (e.g., probenecid): Salicylates counteract the effect of…

…administered as soon as possible in the absence of contraindications, using a loading dose followed by maintenance treatment. The source material does not specify the…

…affects only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary…

…operative assessment, or evaluation of other atherosclerotic disease. Routine population screening is not recommended because the prevalence of severe asymptomatic stenosis is low, screening has…

…among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. However, association is not the same as causation . A cause is…