Cardiology SPECT vs. PET In SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography), radiotracers emit gamma photons directly. These gamma rays are detected by gamma cameras to…

[calc_map] Mean arterial pressure (MAP) represents the average pressure within the arteries throughout a single cardiac cycle, encompassing both systole and diastole. It is…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ injury is decisive. The pathophysiology…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Purpose Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) is…

…acute hypertension mediated organ damage or not? A single blood pressure value does not define a hypertensive emergency. Even a blood pressure above 220/120…

…simple — bicarbonate and a look at the urine dipstick — but it fails routinely for one single reason: without normal potassium the urine cannot be alkalinised…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…diagnosing hypertension and the effectiveness of antihypertensive treatments, targeting hypertension is the single most effective public health measure available ( Ezzati et al, Lim et al )…

…Moderate or severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) Hypertension mediated organ damage (HMOD) Probable or definite familial hypercholesterolaemia Other markedly abnormal single risk factors or genetic…

…drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre…

…decrement ≥ 10 % at 3 Hz, sensitivity about 75 %; single fibre EMG about 95 %). Contraindications Known hypersensitivity to edrophonium. Mechanical obstruction of the bowel or the…

…alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the…

…with CAR T cells or other advanced immunotherapies may require separate local protocols. Definition Criterion Practical definition : : Fever A single temperature of at least 38…

…et al 1 ). Representative single beat morphs for a low risk patient (blue) and the corresponding high risk morph (red). Beyond the difference in R…

…faintness, and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured…

…DASH style diets. Their effects are multidimensional and cannot be adequately inferred from changes in a single intermediate marker such as cholesterol. Dietary composition may…

…or other inhaled products. Readiness to attempt cessation. Depression, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, HIV infection or other circumstances that may affect cessation or treatment monitoring. Single…

…single lesion or process. Although Type 1 MI and acute coronary syndromes are commonly related to atherothrombotic events, myocardial ischaemia may also result from other…

…magnetic resonance (CMR), cardiac computed tomography (CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission computed tomography (PET) and coronary angiography. These modalities aim to…

…triggers it [1,2]. The single most important practical rule is: Continuous acute dizziness with spontaneous nystagmus: consider HINTS plus, but only if the examiner…

…then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on the diagnosis Always…

…Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The resulting endothelial dysfunction promotes inappropriate vasoconstriction, adhesion of circulating cells, inflammatory…

…through changes in DNA acetylation. Lipid lowering efficacy Bempedoic acid is available as a single daily dose of 180 mg. The LDL C response varies…

…receptor endocytosis and produce an FH like phenotype. Individuals with a single pathogenic variant have heterozygous FH (HeFH). Biallelic pathogenic variants cause homozygous FH (HoFH…

…high risk plaques may exist throughout the coronary tree, while inflammation and thrombotic susceptibility are often systemic rather than confined to a single lesion. Consequently…

…contraindication) . Irregular wide complex tachycardia is most often due to atrial fibrillation with wide QRS complexes due to bundle branch blocks or other conduction defects…

…Independent of other traditional risk factors, exercise capacity is one of the single best predictors of risk for future adverse events in virtually all patient…

…medical system (EMS), as well as the hospital cardiac arrest team (CAT) and intensive care units and other units caring for resuscitated patients. Figure 1…

…intravenous) Loading dose by weight, maintenance dose by renal function and drug concentration Gentamicin and other aminoglycosides A single dose initially. If treatment is continued…

…bleeding, shock, hypoxia and any other underlying cause immediately. 9. Request ultrasound of the kidneys and urinary tract when a postrenal cause cannot confidently be…

…or reduced air entry Silent or nearly silent chest pCO₂ Low Usually low Normal or raised Other Moderate work of breathing Accessory muscle use Cyanosis…

…other parts are above the baseline. T wave inversions are frequently misunderstood, particularly in the setting of ischemia. Normal T wave inversion An isolated (single…

…prerequisite for clinical AF remains the documentation of the arrhythmia via a standard 12 lead ECG or a single lead ECG tracing lasting ≥30 seconds…

…Na}$) and are identified in 20% to 30% of probands [7] . Historically, expanded genetic panels implicated over 20 other genes (e.g., CACNA1C , GPD1L …

…single measurements. ETCO 2 should not be the sole determinant for terminating CPR or initiating ECMO ( Paiva et al ). If both ETCO 2 and other…

…and death. The clinical consequences are particularly important when pulmonary vascular obstruction is accompanied by limited cardiopulmonary reserve or other adverse comorbidity. The classification of…

…of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes. They may occur in both NSTEMI and STEMI…

…Akutsjukvård Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the…

…administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for…

…C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…

…Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other platelet aggregation inhibitors: Salicylates inhibit platelet function and enhance the effect of anticoagulants, increasing bleeding risk. Monitor coagulation…

…containing lipoproteins, including: LDL Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non…

…only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and…

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

…Study, which demonstrated that high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction…

…syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical…

…left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures…

…or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia…

…most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals…

…cancel each other out. However, the ECG may show features characteristic of biventricular hypertrophy. Biventricular hypertrophy ECG In case the ECG or other examinations suggest…

…when recording during chest pain is not consistent with myocardial ischemia. In other words, chest pain caused by ischemia will always result in ischemic ST…

…two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave…

…1 A ). Concave ST segment elevations, on the other hand, are much less likely to be caused by ischemia ( Figure 1 B ). This is noted…

…atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles. The atria and the ventricles are electrically dissociated from each other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular…

…and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other measurements Measurement Calculation Threshold : : : Waist–hip ratio Waist / hip Men 0.90, women 0.85 = abdominal…

…rivaroxaban and edoxaban. Check every 6 months 15 30 Dabigatran contraindicated. The other DOACs are possible according to FASS, but the documentation is insufficient; check…

…Previous pelvic irradiation on the intended side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather…