Cardiology Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is classified according to haemodynamic status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and…

…a sufficient explanation for all acute dyspnoea in a patient with COPD. Pneumonia, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax and acute coronary syndrome must be actively…

…patient denial, often leads to a mistaken impression of indigestion. STEMI pain can simulate pain from acute pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, acute aortic dissection, costochondritis, and…

…discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Other cardiopulmonary causes , including myopericardial disease, pulmonary embolism, aortic emergencies…

…Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo syndrome Pulmonary embolism Recent coronary revascularization Infiltrative disease, such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents Catheter ablation…

…categorized under acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Aortic dissection Pneumothorax Pulmonary embolism Mediastinitis (rare condition) In addition to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes…

…acute myocardial infarction, pericarditis/myocarditis or pulmonary embolism is often a reversible arrhythmia with low risk of recurrence. Atrial fibrillation in other circumstances (particularly those…

…target Doses in venous thromboembolism Treatment doses in deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism differ from the atrial fibrillation doses and include an initial high…

…holds true for cardiac arrests caused by chronic or acute ischemic heart disease, it is often not true in other circumstances (e.g. pulmonary embolism…

…g congestive heart failure, lung disease (e.g COPD), fever, infections, anemia, myocardial ischemia/infarction, pulmonary embolism, pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism, hypovolemia, pharmacological substances (alcohol, amphetamine, coffee…

…heart disease, other medical conditions (pulmonary embolism, bleeding, stroke, etc.) as well as cases where the cause does not fall into the other categories. Trauma…

…Pericardial disease, including constriction Right ventricular dysfunction caused by pulmonary embolism Infiltrative cardiomyopathies, particularly cardiac amyloidosis Sepsis and other hyperdynamic states In cardiac amyloidosis, BNP…

…Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis). Lateral ventricular infarction. Pre excitation…

…severe aortic stenosis Decompensated heart failure Acute pulmonary embolism, pulmonary infarction, or deep vein thrombosis Acute myocarditis or pericarditis Acute aortic dissection Physical disability that…

…4. Pulmonary Embolism (PE) Pain Characteristics: While dyspnea is the cardinal symptom, chest pain can be present [5]. Distinguishing Features: Pleuritic pain suggests pulmonary infarction…

…Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis). Lateral ventricular infarction. Pre excitation…

…forth of the heart in the pericardial space. Note that tachycardia, pulmonary embolism and ischemia may also cause electrical alternans. PQ segment depression. Sinus tachycardia…

…of circulatory collapse and arrhythmias Pulmonary embolism in acute phase – due to risk of aggravation of the condition. Pulmonary infarction in acute phase – due to…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for…

…increases cardiac output, and lowers pulmonary artery pressure without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. The inotropic effect of levosimendan is not affected by the concurrent use…

…Risk of acute kidney injury increases when combined with ACE inhibitors. Corticosteroids and other NSAIDs: Increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding when combined with acetylsalicylic acid…

…< 90 mmHg caused by the arrhythmia. Ongoing myocardial ischaemia with chest pain and ECG changes. Acute pulmonary oedema. Impaired consciousness. Synchronised cardioversion under sedation…

…other acute organ damage can often be treated more cautiously with oral drugs under careful observation [3,4]. A markedly raised blood pressure without acute…

…COVID 19 relies on small samples of hospitalized patients. Most reports have suggested that comorbidities – e.g. cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, advanced age, smoking, diabetes…

…Other congenital anomalies include anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the pulmonary artery and anomalous origin of one coronary artery from the opposite aortic…

…of management Overtreatment may impair autoregulation and cause ischemia Acute rapid reduction may cause harm without prognostic benefit Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Symptoms depend on…

…Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The…

…Heart failure, pulmonary oedema and other conditions with a high risk of fluid overload — a relative contraindication requiring invasive monitoring and slower administration. Significant metabolic…

…reserved primarily for instability. Evaluation and physical examination Initial assessment should establish whether AF is associated with acute haemodynamic compromise, pulmonary oedema, or evidence of…

…Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral regurgitation—predominant right ventricular (RV) infarction…

…valve disease, pulmonary pressure, or haemodynamics Stress imaging is not recommended in patients undergoing urgent non cardiac surgery or those with an unstable clinical condition…

…occlusion, likely because most such occlusions result in prehospital cardiac arrest and death. As in other acute coronary events, the thrombotic process is dynamic, with…

…Less frequently, it may also present in individuals without identifiable cardiac disease. Contributing factors include pulmonary disorders, particularly obstructive pulmonary disease, the use of theophylline…

…excellent, with the vast majority of patients recovering completely after restoration of sinus rhythm (or any other rhythm with normal ventricular rate and activation). Recovery…

…the patient gets too little oxygen but that the prescription has no target — the nasal cannula stays in place for days without anyone asking why…

…associations include: Idiopathic or viral pericarditis Malignant pericardial disease Tuberculosis Purulent or bacterial pericarditis Trauma Cardiac surgery and other iatrogenic cardiovascular procedures Acute aortic disease…

…calculated by quantifying the volume flowing through the mitral valve, tricuspid valve or pulmonary valve. These volumes can be calculated using the same principle as…

…these findings increase diagnostic confidence. The presence of symptoms alone is insufficient. Anaemia and pulmonary, renal, thyroid or hepatic disease may produce a similar symptom…

…occurs in LVH. Deep S wave in V5 or V6 ( 6 mm) Large RS complexes in multiple leads P pulmonale Figure 1. ECG changes seen…

…of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes. They may occur in both NSTEMI and STEMI…

…in addition to LDL and other apoB containing particles. Cardiovascular risk categories Primary prevention For adults aged 40–75 years without diabetes and with LDL…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…

…in three minutes, without drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…burden of retained atherogenic particles accumulates over time, the probability of an acute atherosclerotic cardiovascular event increases. Non HDL Cholesterol Non HDL C is calculated…

…with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular…

…PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke…

…with homozygous FH typically die from acute myocardial infarction at 20 to 30 years of age. People with familial hypercholesterolemia have no other metabolic aberration…

…In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography…

…left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures…

…supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment…

…with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption…

…most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals…

…in acute coronary syndromes & chest pain patients An ECG must be performed on all patients seeking medical attention due to chest discomfort or other symptoms…

…two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave…

…radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other, producing two gamma photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect…

…upsloping, or downsloping) or convex ST segment strongly suggest acute transmural ischemia ( Figure 1 A ). Concave ST segment elevations, on the other hand, are much…

…atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles. The atria and the ventricles are electrically dissociated from each other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular…