…as acute brain failure. It is precipitated by somatic illness, drugs, poisoning, withdrawal, surgery or several concurrent factors. A diagnosis of delirium is therefore the…

…C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory reactions that promote plaque formation and progression. As the burden of retained…

…is the diagnosis and management of patients with Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and unstable angina (UA), which are collectively referred to as NSTE…

…coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as the absence of a stenosis of 50% or more in any potential infarct related artery. MINOCA…

…in the context of the clinical presentation and other findings. A reduced CFR may occur with angiographically insignificant epicardial disease because of abnormalities in the…

…spectrum of non ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS). The clinical spectrum includes patients with a confirmed NSTEMI, patients with a working diagnosis of…

…therapy remains the foundation of lipid lowering treatment for patients with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, and other very…

…NSAIDs). Other contraindications: Hemophilia. Thrombocytopenia. Active gastric or duodenal ulcers. Liver cirrhosis. Severe heart failure. Doses 100 mg/day during the third trimester of pregnancy…

…It is calculated as: Non HDL C = total cholesterol − HDL C Apolipoprotein B (apoB) reflects the concentration of circulating atherogenic particles because each apoB…

…displays non existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing structures. The ultrasound image misrepresents the echogenicity of structures. Echogenicity is defined as the…

…X linked or other non autosomal dominant mechanisms. Complex or multifactorial genetic architecture. The inheritance pattern affects the appropriate scope and duration of family surveillance…

…90 minutes STEMI diagnosis at a non PCI hospital to wire crossing As quickly as possible, primary PCI if the total expected time is 120…

…hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function. Respiratory tract…

…by increased serious gastrointestinal bleeding and a non significant increase in cerebral haemorrhage. Bleeding outcomes The principal harm of aspirin in primary prevention is bleeding…

…used in adults aged ≥70 years. SCORE2 OP accounts for the competing risk of death from non cardiovascular causes, an important consideration in older populations…

…and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around…

…primarily by the ACS syndrome and the haemodynamic consequences of the culprit lesion. Patients may present with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non ST…

…In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography…

…independently. For cardiometabolic health, the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed, fibre rich and bioactive foods, including fruits, non starchy vegetables, beans, whole…

…clinical trials) have suggested the benefit of ischemic preconditioning, while other studies have failed to establish such a relation. The most cited study to date…

…studies have questioned the significance of female sex as an independent risk factor for stroke in AF patients. Evidence suggests that the increased stroke risk…

…specify the loading dose. Efficacy and harms In secondary prevention trials involving patients with previous vascular disease, aspirin reduced the combined incidence of non fatal…

…endarterectomy (CEA), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), or major non cardiac surgery. The vascular examination should include: palpation of peripheral pulses; auscultation for carotid, femoral…

…or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the…

…identified as the most frequent cause, comprising approximately 20–25% of secondary hypertension cases. Coarctation of the aorta and renovascular disease are important non endocrine…

…falls within five years of stopping but may remain elevated thereafter. The overall health benefit is greater still when reductions in non cardiovascular morbidity and…

…as sudden onset breathlessness. Other less common presentations, with or without pain, include sudden loss of consciousness, a confusional state, profound weakness, the appearance of…

…such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents Catheter ablation Critical illness Defibrillator shocks Strenuous exercise Cardiac contusion The diagnosis should therefore distinguish…

…with a worse prognosis. VA may occur in the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), in non obstructive coronary arteries, or in patients with…

…dissection. Coronary embolism of cardiac or non cardiac origin. Oxygen supply–demand mismatch, including demand related events in the presence of fixed coronary disease. More…

…other causes of chest pain, but the other causes are either subacute or non acute. The history taking must be systematic and accurate because the…

…highly effective in reducing stroke risk. Wrfarin and novel oral anticoagulants can reduce the risk of stroke by 70%, as compared with placebo. Besides anticoagulation…

…myocardial ischemia. Other symptoms include dyspnea, pain radiating to the left arm/shoulder/throat, palpitations, back pain and selected cases of upper abdominal pain. An…

…to dilation of the ventricle: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) Idiopathic or genetic . Ischemic cardiomyopathy Alcoholic cardiomyopathy Diabetic cardiomyopathy Takotsubo cardiomyopathy Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy Non compaction cardiomyopathy…

…As in other acute coronary events, the thrombotic process is dynamic, with varying degrees of occlusion that may provide a window of opportunity for reperfusion…

…strongly related to the development of hypertension. Developing and non Western countries rarely display the blood pressure trajectories and high prevalence of hypertension that is…

…Depending on the cause of the arrest, other units may be critical (e.g. trauma unit). Careful and evidence based planning at the societal level…

…tomographic images of the left ventricle. In PET (Positron Emission Tomography), radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other…

…interpreted as manifest cardiac arrest. Defibrillation : Use of non synchronized electric shock (i.e. a shock delivered randomly, without considering the phase of the cardiac…

…colchicine requires attention to the balance between reduction in ischaemic events and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes. Mechanisms of action Colchicine Colchicine…

…since the whole dose is given as a bolus [1,2]. In a meta analysis of three phase 3 trials, tenecteplase was non inferior to…

…the other arm. 2. Ankle pressure. Place the cuff just above the malleoli, with its lower edge about 2 cm above the tip of the…

…of infection. Indications Infusion of vesicant solutions: vasopressors, concentrated potassium, cytotoxic drugs, parenteral nutrition. The need for several simultaneous, incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other…

…Only clinical signs of herniation halt the puncture, and antibiotics and a corticosteroid are then given immediately after blood cultures. For questions other than acute…

…the renal function and the severity of the bleeding 7 Manage antiplatelet drugs according to their indication. Do not routinely stop aspirin given as secondary…

…Lipid lowering efficacy Bempedoic acid is available as a single daily dose of 180 mg. The LDL C response varies with background therapy: Treatment setting…

…The cardiovascular burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or…

…as well as dyspnea and nausea (anginal equivalents) [7]. Clinicians must consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses…

…although the clinical importance of improved adherence remains dependent on sustained follow up and administration. Clinical indications and place in therapy Inclisiran has been approved…

…spasm. The absence of obstructive CAD on ICA should therefore not automatically be interpreted as evidence that the patient’s symptoms are non cardiac. In…

…pre test likelihood of obstructive coronary artery disease, defined in the cited guidance as greater than 15% and up to 85%. The examination may be…

…with an initial STEMI pattern has myocardial infarction as the final diagnosis. The underlying process usually involves acute thrombotic obstruction of an epicardial coronary artery…

…Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as an ischaemic myocardial injury occurring in the context of a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand…

…microvascular disease and vasospasm may coexist with atherosclerosis or may be the dominant cause of ischaemia. Other mechanisms capable of obstructing coronary arteries include embolism…

…explicitly removing female sex as an independent risk factor [2] . This change reflects robust evidence that female sex alone, in the absence of other comorbidities…

…These findings should not be interpreted as representative of the population experiencing OHCA and IHCA. Shockable and non shockable rhythms All healthcare professionals must be…

…at any age. Exercise, or any other activity causing adrenergic stimulation, increase the risk of syncope, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac arrest. ARVC can cause…

…Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation be entirely inhibited (as seen in acute airway…

…hypovolemia and other etiologies of hypotension remain the predominant causes of cardiac arrest. Should cardiac arrest occur postpartum, hemorrhage must be promptly considered as a…

…myocardial infarction, which is classified as STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) . NSTE ACS is the acronym for Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome. This category…