…a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non HDL C provides a broader estimate of atherogenic cholesterol than LDL…

…ischemia that only affects the subendocardium). STEMI, on the other hand, is caused by a complete coronary artery occlusion, which results in the complete stop…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and clinical concept Myocardial infarction with non obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) describes a clinical presentation in which the patient has…

…associated with an excellent prognosis, whereas discordant measurements require interpretation in the context of the clinical presentation and other findings. A reduced CFR may occur…

…for a selective invasive approach? Is the clinical likelihood of true NSTE ACS low enough that non invasive evaluation is more appropriate? The presence of…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Ezetimibe is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter…

…asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other contraindications: Hemophilia. Thrombocytopenia. Active gastric or duodenal ulcers…

…Non HDL C and apoB are secondary targets or risk refining measures, particularly in patients with: Diabetes or other cardiometabolic risk factors Obesity Insulin resistance…

Echocardiography Ultrasound artifacts The following artifacts are common in ultrasound imaging: The ultrasound image displays non existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing…

…Less commonly, autosomal recessive inheritance. X linked or other non autosomal dominant mechanisms. Complex or multifactorial genetic architecture. The inheritance pattern affects the appropriate scope…

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…

…applies where you work. They assume normal renal and hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick…

…only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and…

…used in adults aged ≥70 years. SCORE2 OP accounts for the competing risk of death from non cardiovascular causes, an important consideration in older populations…

…and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around…

…exclusively at the infarct related artery (IRA), or it may extend to additional non infarct related lesions. Culprit only revascularization treats the artery responsible for…

…syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical…

…the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed, fibre rich and bioactive foods, including fruits, non starchy vegetables, beans, whole grains, nuts and seeds…

…natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) The traditional distinction between NSTE ACS (NSTEMI, Non STEMI) and STE ACS (STEMI) is slightly simplified. In reality…

…work systematically through the possible causes, apply several non pharmacological measures at the same time, and use drugs only in severe agitation or marked distress…

…bleeding complications. The CHA₂DS₂ VA score is a clinical tool designed to assess stroke risk in patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). It is…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

…acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ injury is decisive. The pathophysiology…

…approximately 20–25% of secondary hypertension cases. Coarctation of the aorta and renovascular disease are important non endocrine causes, particularly in patients with resistant hypertension…

…with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption…

…troponin elevation, ACS are classified into unstable angina (UA), non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). While the…

…because myocardial injury may occur without myocardial ischaemia. Non ischaemic myocardial injury may accompany numerous cardiac and systemic disorders, including: Cardiac causes Systemic causes Heart…

…generally younger than those with atherosclerotic non ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. Cigarette smoking is a prominent association, whereas other conventional coronary risk factors may…

…an intraluminal thrombus. The clinical spectrum includes unstable angina, non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The traditional…

…to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes of chest pain, but the other causes are either subacute or non acute. The history taking…

…population is 1.0% to 1.5%. The crude prevalence is lower in non Western countries, primarily due to the younger age composition in those…

…when recording during chest pain is not consistent with myocardial ischemia. In other words, chest pain caused by ischemia will always result in ischemic ST…

…Ischemic cardiomyopathy Alcoholic cardiomyopathy Diabetic cardiomyopathy Takotsubo cardiomyopathy Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy Non compaction cardiomyopathy Peripartum cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy secondary to valvular heart disease Long term prognosis…

…occlusion, likely because most such occlusions result in prehospital cardiac arrest and death. As in other acute coronary events, the thrombotic process is dynamic, with…

…hypertension. Developing and non Western countries rarely display the blood pressure trajectories and high prevalence of hypertension that is ubiquitous in high income Western countries…

…showed no recent disease in coronary arteries or in heart muscle. In other words, the heart today is anatomically the same as it was yesterday…

…radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other, producing two gamma photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect…

…and other tachyarrhythmias with discernible QRS complexes. Shockable rhythm : Tachyarrhythmias that can be treated with defibrillation (ventricular fibrillation) or cardioversion (ventricular tachycardia). Non shockable rhythm…

…Consequently, the decision to prescribe colchicine requires attention to the balance between reduction in ischaemic events and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes…

…analysis of three phase 3 trials, tenecteplase was non inferior to alteplase with respect to an excellent functional outcome, without an increased risk of symptomatic…

…rest pain in the foot or leg, or a non healing distal ulcer. Before compression treatment of a leg ulcer — compression in arterial insufficiency can…

Procedurer What determines the outcome of a central venous catheter insertion is decided before the needle goes in: the choice of site, the use of…

…must never delay it. Indications Suspected meningitis or encephalitis. Suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage with a normal or non diagnostic CT. Suspected neuroborreliosis, neurosyphilis or another CNS…

…malignancy and an aortoenteric fistula. Variceal bleeding generally has a higher early mortality than non variceal bleeding [1,2]. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can present as…

…ACL reduces hepatic cholesterol synthesis and produces reductions in LDL C, non high density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP…

…heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities. CKD also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The…

…dyspnea and nausea (anginal equivalents) [7]. Clinicians must consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that…

…an adjunct to dietary measures and maximally tolerated statin therapy, with or without other LDL C lowering drugs, when additional LDL C reduction is required…

…injection under fluoroscopy. The procedure is performed by advancing guidewires and diagnostic catheters from a percutaneous arterial access site to the aortic root, engaging the…

…Non obstructive coronary atherosclerosis not associated with demonstrable ischaemia may therefore remain undetected unless CT based coronary calcium assessment or another anatomical technique is added…

…environmental factors and genetic background. Thrombotic susceptibility is likewise affected by inflammation and other systemic influences. The severity of myocardial injury is determined not only…

…and chronic myocardial injury. Myocardial injury is characterised by myocyte necrosis and troponin elevation due to mechanisms other than myocardial ischaemia. Acute myocardial injury may…

…acute coronary syndromes are commonly related to atherothrombotic events, myocardial ischaemia may also result from other mechanisms. Differential diagnoses and alternative causes of troponin release…

…systole. Transesophageal echocardiography and surgical pathology demonstrate that over 90% of thrombi in non valvular AF originate within this specific anatomical cul de sac [19] …

…initial rhythm has immense significance for survival in cardiac arrest, regardless of all other circumstances. The initial rhythm is an indicator of the underlying etiology…

…in the desmosomal gene PKP2 is the most common. Mutations in non desmosomal genes are less common. The following genes are associated with ARVC: CTNNA3…

…High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should…

…pads should be positioned as standard, and defibrillation energy levels should remain consistent with those used for non pregnant adults. The fetus is not harmed…

…STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) . NSTE ACS is the acronym for Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome. This category includes all acute coronary syndromes without…