…a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non HDL C provides a broader estimate of atherogenic cholesterol than LDL…

…on the other hand, is caused by a complete coronary artery occlusion, which results in the complete stop of blood flow and thus more extensive…

…and no obstructive stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as the absence of a stenosis of 50% or…

…normal FFR and CFR are associated with an excellent prognosis, whereas discordant measurements require interpretation in the context of the clinical presentation and other findings…

…NSTE ACS low enough that non invasive evaluation is more appropriate? The presence of extensive comorbidity may alter the balance between procedural risk and benefit…

…atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, and other very high risk settings described in the source material. The statin should be prescribed at the highest tolerated dose…

…asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other contraindications: Hemophilia. Thrombocytopenia. Active gastric or duodenal ulcers…

…Non HDL C and apoB are secondary targets or risk refining measures, particularly in patients with: Diabetes or other cardiometabolic risk factors Obesity Insulin resistance…

Echocardiography Ultrasound artifacts The following artifacts are common in ultrasound imaging: The ultrasound image displays non existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing…

…X linked or other non autosomal dominant mechanisms. Complex or multifactorial genetic architecture. The inheritance pattern affects the appropriate scope and duration of family surveillance…

…based on symptoms, the ECG and haemodynamics. Do not wait for troponin. If clinical suspicion persists despite an initially non diagnostic ECG, the ECG must…

…then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on the diagnosis Always…

…with stroke risk factors, but this benefit was accompanied by increased serious gastrointestinal bleeding and a non significant increase in cerebral haemorrhage. Bleeding outcomes The…

…Moderate or severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) Hypertension mediated organ damage (HMOD) Probable or definite familial hypercholesterolaemia Other markedly abnormal single risk factors or genetic…

…ACS). Other cardiopulmonary causes , including myopericardial disease, pulmonary embolism, aortic emergencies, and pneumothorax. Non cardiopulmonary causes , including gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and anxiety related disorders. The immediate…

…or other major adverse cardiovascular events. Complete revascularization is therefore considered an important therapeutic objective, particularly in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and/or MVD…

…syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical…

…vegetables, nuts and legumes; unsaturated fatty acids and other bioactive compounds from nuts; and antioxidant and antithrombotic constituents from whole grains. These combined effects may…

…may originate from other branches of the same coronary artery or another coronary artery, will alleviate the ischemia, improve myocardial function and increase resistance to…

…7. Start non pharmacological treatment immediately , in parallel with the investigation. 8. Document the diagnosis and communicate it at every handover. Recognise it Core criteria…

…AF patients. Evidence suggests that the increased stroke risk in women is more closely associated with other comorbidities and age rather than sex alone. Consequently…

…disease, aspirin reduced the combined incidence of non fatal MI, non fatal ischaemic stroke, and vascular death from 8.2% to 6.7% per year…

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

…Severe elevation Acute HMOD Present Absent clinically Symptoms Often present and related to the affected organ May be absent or nonspecific Treatment setting Usually hospital…

…present Factors that may be contributing to elevated blood pressure Other cardiovascular risk factors and relevant comorbidities Evidence of hypertension mediated organ damage Existing cardiac…

…other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption but to achieve complete abstinence from tobacco and ultimately…

…or silent STEMIs is greater in patients with diabetes mellitus and increases with age. STEMI may present as sudden onset breathlessness. Other less common presentations…

…because myocardial injury may occur without myocardial ischaemia. Non ischaemic myocardial injury may accompany numerous cardiac and systemic disorders, including: Cardiac causes Systemic causes Heart…

…acute myocardial infarction, including myocardial infarction with non obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). Ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death are important potential complications. Approximately one third…

…reflects an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. In many cases, the initiating process is plaque disruption with thrombosis; other cases result from spasm…

…are numerous other causes of chest pain, but the other causes are either subacute or non acute. The history taking must be systematic and accurate…

…Atrial fibrillation in other circumstances (particularly those listed above) is usually a progressive disease. Complications of atrial fibrillation and available treatments In multivariable models (i…

…segment elevations that are not caused by ischemia and a significant proportion have ST T changes caused by other pathological conditions (such as bundle branch…

…Other causes of ventricular dilation ( e.g ischemic cardiomyopathy) must be excluded before establishing a diagnosis of DCM. Patient characteristics, clinical features, family history and…

…In addition, some patients present with severe LMCA stenosis exacerbated by other conditions, and these must also be recognized. Prompt identification of LMCA involvement is…

…often necessary to normalize blood pressure. Management of hypertension requires careful consideration of other cardiovascular risk factors and coexisting conditions. Therapy must be tailored to…

…resuscitation (CPR). Sudden cardiac arrest and death Cardiac arrest is the mechanism of death for most diseases and conditions, including non cardiovascular conditions. A cardiac…

…annihilate each other, producing two gamma photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect these gamma rays to construct images with high spatial and temporal…

…and other tachyarrhythmias with discernible QRS complexes. Shockable rhythm : Tachyarrhythmias that can be treated with defibrillation (ventricular fibrillation) or cardioversion (ventricular tachycardia). Non shockable rhythm…

…Consequently, the decision to prescribe colchicine requires attention to the balance between reduction in ischaemic events and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes…

…intracerebral haemorrhage and assess early ischaemic changes CT angiography The standard investigation in acute stroke to identify large vessel occlusion, dissection or other vascular pathology…

…a substantially increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Indications Intermittent claudication, rest pain in the foot or leg, or a non healing distal ulcer…

…plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous…

…or non diagnostic CT. Suspected neuroborreliosis, neurosyphilis or another CNS infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS…

…for general anaesthesia for other reasons. Extubate as soon as it is safe to do so after the endoscopy. Fluid and monitoring Use a balanced…

…of ACL reduces hepatic cholesterol synthesis and produces reductions in LDL C, non high density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and high sensitivity C reactive protein…

…progression risk, increased by proteinuria 3a 45–60 mL/min/1.73 m² Cardiovascular disease or other organ damage may be present Moderate progression risk;…

…and syncope may also occur [5]. Non Cardiac Causes Several non cardiac conditions can present with chest pain that requires careful differentiation from ischemic heart…

…biweekly injections. Inclisiran is used as an adjunct to dietary measures and maximally tolerated statin therapy, with or without other LDL C lowering drugs, when…

…symptoms, findings from non invasive testing and the anticipated effect of the result on management. ICA with available coronary pressure assessment is recommended in patients…

…and cardiac amyloidosis using appropriate radiopharmaceuticals. Functional perfusion imaging primarily identifies haemodynamically important disease. Non obstructive coronary atherosclerosis not associated with demonstrable ischaemia may therefore…

…other systemic influences. The severity of myocardial injury is determined not only by the epicardial obstruction but also by the vulnerability of the myocardium and…

…in young women. Non coronary mechanisms that reduce oxygen supply include severe bradyarrhythmia, respiratory failure with severe hypoxaemia, severe anaemia, and hypotension or shock. Conversely…

…Other mechanisms capable of obstructing coronary arteries include embolism, dissection, coronary arteritis associated with systemic vasculitis, extrinsic compression, myocardial bridging and radiation induced coronary disease…

…systole. Transesophageal echocardiography and surgical pathology demonstrate that over 90% of thrombi in non valvular AF originate within this specific anatomical cul de sac [19] …

…regardless of all other circumstances. The initial rhythm is an indicator of the underlying etiology, duration of cardiac arrest, quality of CPR, and a prognostic…

…or other ECG changes (see below) should lead to a suspicion of ARVC. The gradual loss of myocardium leads to ventricular dilation and right heart…

…and practice of resuscitation medicine. Kitamura T, Kiyohara K, Sakai T, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of adult out of hospital cardiac arrest of non…

…arrest. Within the context of pregnancy, hypovolemia and other etiologies of hypotension remain the predominant causes of cardiac arrest. Should cardiac arrest occur postpartum, hemorrhage…

…and virtually all these patients will develop myocardial infarction, which is classified as STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) . NSTE ACS is the acronym for Non…