…major target—where MR activation promotes sodium transport—MRs are also present in cardiac myocytes, vascular smooth muscle, endothelial cells, macrophages, neurons and other tissues…

…injury. In its most severe form, known as no reflow, structural and functional impairments sustain vascular obstruction. Endothelial dysfunction triggers leukocyte and platelet activation, while…

…severe, myocardial necrosis. It most commonly reflects atherothrombosis: disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque followed by platelet activation and coagulation, with formation of an intraluminal thrombus…

…The desmosome is a component of the intercalated disc that connects myocardial cells mechanically and electrically. Most mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner…

…beats. Three or more consecutive beats from a latent pacemaker (or other ectopic focus) are referred to as an escape rhythm. In most cases, the…

…dependent. Similarly, angioedema occurring in the setting of ACE inhibitor therapy is bradykinin mediated rather than mast cell mediated, distinguishing it from classic allergic reactions…

…resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation according to international guidelines are decompression sickness and sickle cell crisis…

…other biomarkers of myocardial necrosis (infarction) Myocardium can endure 20 to 30 minutes of complete ischemia. After this period the cells die and the cell…

…made is unusable, no matter how well the puncture went. Indications Unexplained cytopenia in one or more cell lines. Suspected acute leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndrome or…

…any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is needed for management. Cryoglobulinaemia, cold agglutinin disease, cold urticaria. Relative: Basal cell…