…coronary artery (LMCA) occlusion is a rare but catastrophic manifestation of acute coronary syndromes. The LMCA supplies a large myocardial territory through the left anterior…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Surgery & trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer…

…from out of hospital cardiac arrest should not routinely undergo immediate angiography. A selective or delayed approach is recommended in this setting unless other findings…

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

…at any time during the disease course. Some patients may experience an acute coronary syndrome as the first manifestation of their coronary artery disease. Moreover…

…at any time during the disease course. Some patients may experience an acute coronary syndrome as the first manifestation of their coronary artery disease. Moreover…

…and the severity and manifestations of disease may differ substantially among carriers. Consequently, a normal examination or cardiac investigation at one point in time does…

…left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures…

…and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple…

…Both influence the prevalence, manifestations, diagnosis, management, treatment response and outcomes of cardiovascular disease. The biological differences between females and males arise partly from the…

…and hyperkalemia. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The clinical manifestation of bradycardia depends on the adequacy of cardiac output. Isolated sinus bradycardia that is unaccompanied by…

…malignant retinopathy without other acute organ damage can often be treated more cautiously with oral drugs under careful observation [3,4]. A markedly raised blood…

…produce a transient and reversible mismatch between myocardial oxygen demand and blood supply, generally during exertion, emotional stress, or another stressor. Manifestations include angina, other…

…clinical manifestations may be less dramatic despite a sudden deterioration in function. The severity of tissue injury depends on the site, duration and completeness of…

…of vascular autoregulation during a rapid or severe rise in BP. This may produce acute injury in the brain, retina, heart, aorta, kidneys, or other…

…or other procedural intervention. The clinical importance of the finding is related to the extent of myocardium at risk. Occlusion or impaired perfusion in a…

…spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction AF and other arrhythmias Ischaemic stroke PAD CKD with associated cardiovascular complications Symptoms are determined by the cardiovascular manifestation…

…myocardial infarction. A history of cigarette smoking may be present despite relatively few other conventional atherosclerotic risk factors. A substantial proportion present with NSTEMI, although…

…a patient with stable CAD may present with clinical manifestations of myocardial ischaemia following an acute gastrointestinal bleed or a sustained tachyarrhythmia. Symptoms of acute…

…the pattern of myocardial ischaemia rather than by a particular symptom intensity alone. The characteristic symptom is chest discomfort, but the clinical manifestations of ischaemic…

…The magnitude of untreated LDL C elevation. The presence and age of onset of premature CAD or other vascular disease. A history of myocardial infarction…

…be mistaken for indigestion. Associated manifestations include: Sweating Nausea and vomiting Anxiety A sense of impending doom When STEMI begins during exertion, the symptoms generally…

…conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes thrombogenic material, promoting platelet activation, aggregation, and fibrin formation. Within a stented segment…

…health care provider. A family history of any of the above listed symptoms and manifestations must always raise suspicion of serious hereditary arrhythmias. Although clinicians…

…due to extensive subendocardial infarction (NSTEMI). If pathological Q waves occur as a result of myocardial infarction, the infarction may be classified as Q wave…

…to the QRS morphology during LBBB. Stimulation in other regions of the ventricle may result in a different QRS morphology. If the lead tip is…

…clinical manifestations of chronic structural and/or functional disease involving the epicardial coronary arteries and/or the coronary microcirculation. These abnormalities may produce a transient…

…Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather…

…of cardiac arrest. Sudden cardiac arrest is the most lethal manifestation of cardiovascular disease, accounting for 50% of all cardiovascular deaths ( Tsao et al ). A…

…unit (CCU), regular wards and rehabilitation facilities. Depending on the cause of the arrest, other units may be critical (e.g. trauma unit). Careful and…

…secretions or a cobblestoned appearance of the mucosa. Laryngoscopy may be performed to assess for glottic inflammation, which can be a manifestation of recurrent reflux…

…which translocates to the nucleus and induces expression of aldosterone responsive genes. Although the kidney is a major target—where MR activation promotes sodium transport…

…does not determine the anticoagulation indication. Previous stroke or TIA. The presence of mitral stenosis, a mechanical heart valve or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart failure, hypertension…

…the dominant manifestation of CAD. As LV dysfunction and HF become more prominent, angina may diminish or disappear. Others have no recognized history of angina…

…ischemia. Inverted U waves are even more typical of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes…

…Give a systemic corticosteroid if the exacerbation is more than mild. 6. Assess the indication for antibiotics on the basis of sputum purulence, the other…

Info Table 1 provides a summary of the indications, contraindications, dosage, administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary…

…189 mg/dL, 10 year risk of a first hard ASCVD event—fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction or stroke—should be estimated. The risk categories…

…are balanced and no ischemia occurs. (Some individuals display a benign form of ischemia located in the subendocardium during exercise; this manifests with ST segment…

…ischaemia, heart failure, electrical instability or a large area of myocardium at risk. Over 48 hours: urgent PCI is still indicated with continuing ischaemia, shock…

…test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks of vertigo, seconds to a minute or so…

…to patients with a history of asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other contraindications: Hemophilia…

…and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and…

…Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non HDL C provides a broader estimate of atherogenic…

…soon after treatment is initiated. Reported increases include: Approximately 43% increase in major bleeding in a meta analysis of primary prevention trials. Approximately 58% increase…

…a minority of patients presenting with acute chest pain ultimately have ACS; reported rates are generally 5–10%, although some series report 10–20%. Other…

…focus is on LDL cholesterol. Virtually all evidence demonstrate clearly that LDL cholesterol is a true cause of coronary artery disease. What is the evidence…

…plus a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other…

…remain higher than that of never smokers for a prolonged period. In heavy smokers, cardiovascular risk falls within five years of stopping but may remain…

…Note that with a paper speed of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2:1 block will…

…cancel each other out. However, the ECG may show features characteristic of biventricular hypertrophy. Biventricular hypertrophy ECG In case the ECG or other examinations suggest…

…80% of men display ST segment elevations that are not caused by ischemia and a significant proportion have ST T changes caused by other pathological…

…from the transducer during systole (systole starts at the peak of the R wave on the electrocardiogram). This Doppler signal represents a pronounced mitral regurgitation…

…tomographic images of the left ventricle. In PET (Positron Emission Tomography), radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other…

…also consistent with the vector theory; elevation in one lead should be recorded as depression in a lead with an opposite angle of observation. However…

…It may be very difficult to establish a diagnosis of third degree AV block if the atrial and ventricular rate is equal and the P…

…index 15–19 kg/m² 17–22 kg/m² Ideal and dosing weight Drug dosing often requires a weight other than the actual body weight…

…and weight) plus vitamin K 10 mg IV Dabigatran Idarucizumab (Praxbind) Apixaban, rivaroxaban, edoxaban Prothrombin complex concentrate, consider within 15 hours of the last dose…

…marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather than abandoning the procedure. Choice of site The posterior superior…

…of vesicant solutions: vasopressors, concentrated potassium, cytotoxic drugs, parenteral nutrition. The need for several simultaneous, incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a…