…vast majority of patients with ventricular tachycardia either have coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease), heart failure, cardiomyopathy or valvular heart disease. In these populations…

…is classified instead as an ectopic atrial rhythm (EAR) . Ectopic atrial tachycardia (EAT) most commonly occurs in individuals with underlying structural or electrical heart disease…

…selected congenital heart diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension and thromboembolic disorders. Most recognised heritable cardiovascular conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual…

…includes coronary heart disease, heart failure and stroke; the lifetime risk for a 40 year old woman has been estimated at approximately one in two…

…gastrointestinal disorders. Patients with severe kidney disease (glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min). Patients with mild to moderate heart failure, kidney or liver disease…

…important, particularly in patients with early onset hypertension or premature cerebrovascular disease. PA is associated with cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction and heart failure…

…BP disorders Pregnancy Established ASCVD includes previous acute coronary syndrome, chronic coronary syndromes, coronary revascularization, stroke, transient ischaemic attack, and peripheral arterial disease. Heart failure…

…may accompany numerous cardiac and systemic disorders, including: Cardiac causes Systemic causes Heart failure Sepsis Myocarditis Chronic kidney disease Cardiomyopathy Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo…

…cardiac arrest. Most of these have atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary artery disease) as the underlying cause. Other common causes are cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic or dilated), arrhythmogenic…

…aware that ischemic heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease, has been the number one killer worldwide since the 1960s. In 1948 the NHLBI…

…excess ischaemic heart disease risk associated with heavy smoking. Consequently, reducing the number of cigarettes smoked does not produce a proportional reduction in cardiovascular harm…

…diagnosis, as the syndrome associated with ischemic heart disease is broader than chest pain itself, encompassing symptoms like tightness, pressure, and discomfort in the chest…

…be used to estimate the severity of hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia decreases impulse transmission in the entire heart. Severe symptoms occur at 7 mmol/L or…

…the condition is classified as cardiac tamponade. The classical signs of cardiac tamponade are hypotension, muffled heart sounds and jugular venous distention. Other frequent symptoms…

…myocarditis and electrolyte disorders. Because the rate (60–100 beats per minute) is on a par with the rate in sinus rhythm and there is…

…less than 80% diagnoses chronotropic incompetence) Management of chronotropic incompetence Treatment of chronotropic incompetence and other bradyarrhythmias are discussed in the chapter Treatment of bradyarrhythmias.

…between 45° and 90° with qR complex in aVL and QRS duration 0,12 s, provided that other causes of left axis deviation have been…

…between 45° and 90° with qR complex in aVL and QRS duration is 0,12 s, provided that other causes of left axis deviation have…

…than by a distinct advantage of one drug over the other. Mathew et al. Milrinone as Compared with Dobutamine in the Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock…

…only be used if the flow (Q) is constant, which is not the case in the heart. Blood flow is pulsatile during the cardiac cycle…

…time, exacerbation is a clinical syndromic diagnosis, not a sufficient explanation for all acute dyspnoea in a patient with COPD. Pneumonia, heart failure, pulmonary embolism…

…precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for the prevention…

…other leads (particularly V5) and that is not consistent with posterior transmural ischemia. To conclude, patients with chest discomfort who display ST segment depressions in…

…among other cases 18% show significant valvular disease. Table 1. Etiologies in acute endocarditis. Table 2. Etiologies in subacute endocarditis. Echocardiography in endocarditis In 1973…

…cardiac tumors , which constitute a minority of cardiac tumors, occur in the heart tissue. Approximately 80% of all primary tumors are benign, and the remaining…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…with significant heart disease, predominantly ischemic heart disease. However, most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias…

…drugs that aggravate or cause bradycardia (e.g. beta blockers in heart failure). In such scenarios, it is very common to provide the patient with…

…spot, in three minutes, without drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The…

…ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction…

…synthesis Electrical channelopathies Oxidative stress Cellular apoptosis and necrosis Progressive structural remodelling Alcohol associated hypertension and atherosclerotic coronary disease In patients with heavy alcohol use…

…segment depression or T wave inversion can occur without coronary artery disease. Proposed explanations in the source material include cardiac memory after abnormal ventricular activation…

…arrest, it is essential to reconfirm the rhythm in two leads if possible to distinguish true bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest from other tachyarrhythmic events. On…

…medicine Procedurer Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling…

…in BP. This may produce acute injury in the brain, retina, heart, aorta, kidneys, or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in…

…smoking and other conventional risk factors, together with diabetes specific vascular and metabolic abnormalities. Diabetes is associated with inflammation, thrombosis and accelerated atherosclerosis. In CKD…

…discussed in detail in other chapters, to which links are provided throughout the text. Heart rate During the first week of life, the heart rate…

…changes and clinical features The pericardium is a double walled sac in which the heart and the roots of the great vessels are contained (Figure…

…An ECG lead is a graphical description of the electrical activity of the heart and it is created by analyzing several electrodes. In other words…

…3. In third degree AV block, no atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles. The atria and the ventricles are electrically dissociated from each other…

…by heart disease, other medical conditions (pulmonary embolism, bleeding, stroke, etc.) as well as cases where the cause does not fall into the other categories…

…the heart in 6 or 7 showed no recent disease in coronary arteries or in heart muscle. In other words, the heart today is anatomically…

…serious arrhythmia or acute heart failure. Routine opening of a persistently occluded infarct related artery in a stable and asymptomatic patient is by contrast not…

…drainage in suspected purulent pericarditis, tuberculosis or malignancy. Tamponade is a clinical diagnosis supported by echocardiography: Finding Comment : : Hypotension, distended neck veins, muffled heart sounds…

…The other predictable error is forgetting that pacing hurts a great deal in a conscious patient. Indications Immediate (transcutaneous) pacing in bradycardia with haemodynamic compromise…

…clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor based approach: the Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation…

…takotsubo cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, arrhythmias, and heart failure are among the conditions associated with myocardial injury. Relationship to chronic coronary syndromes Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS…

…treatment, or other interventions. Frailty commonly overlaps with multimorbidity and is frequent in patients with cardiovascular disease, including heart failure and ischaemic heart disease. Ageing…

…burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities…

…adequate volume control. It is also utilized for ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation, particularly when other therapeutic options cannot be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin…

…age and are higher in patients with impaired renal function, reflecting both reduced clearance and the high prevalence of structural heart disease in this population…

…Silent ischaemia Heart failure, particularly when left ventricular function is impaired Haemodynamic or electrical instability in advanced or acute presentations Left main disease may be…

…ventricular arrhythmia, heart failure or cardiogenic shock. In chronic coronary disease, the principal symptomatic indication for revascularization is angina that remains refractory despite medical therapy…

…blood to the gastrointestinal tract which reduces blood availability in the heart. Symptoms of ischemic heart disease are generally not related to body position or…

…congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover, certain other…

…Peripartum cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy secondary to valvular heart disease Long term prognosis varies markedly across these conditions. The prognosis in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy may be poorer…

…stenosis, decompensated heart failure, and uncontrolled arrhythmias. Pharmacologic stress agents have specific contraindications: Adenosine, Dipyridamole, Regadenoson : Should be avoided in patients with active bronchospasm, severe…

…parameter of the stress test. The ECG reaction is indeed important but several other parameters are equally important. In fact, a large body of evidence…

…structural heart disease, fibrosis of the conduction system and acute myocardial infarction (particularly anterior STEMI). Hence, an acute myocardial infarction may actually result in LBBB…

…since it may affect the choice of device therapy and also suggest whether other interventions (e.g. heart failure management, evaluation for coronary artery disease…