…electrolyte disorders. Because the rate (60–100 beats per minute) is on a par with the rate in sinus rhythm and there is atrioventricular conduction…

…electrolyte disorders 1. Sodium Increased (hypernatremia) and decreased (hyponatremia) sodium levels do not have any effect on the ECG, nor cardiac rhythm, or impulse conduction…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…HMOD) Probable or definite familial hypercholesterolaemia Other markedly abnormal single risk factors or genetic, rare lipid, or BP disorders Pregnancy Established ASCVD includes previous acute…

…MINOCA accounts for approximately 1–14% of ACS presentations in different series and approximately 5–10% of patients presenting with myocardial infarction in other reports…

…and the condition is classified as cardiac tamponade. The classical signs of cardiac tamponade are hypotension, muffled heart sounds and jugular venous distention. Other frequent…

…cessation of prolonged and heavy alcohol intake. The condition can develop despite a measurable or high blood alcohol concentration, particularly in patients with marked tolerance…

…Medical conditions Category Condition Congenital conditions Jervell and Lange Nielsen syndrome Romano Ward syndrome Idiopathic congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) Metabolic disorders Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia Hypocalcemia…

…rise can cause osmotic demyelination syndrome [1,2]. Hyponatraemia is primarily a disorder of water balance. The plasma sodium reflects the ratio between the body…

…and herpes zoster pain are other considerations when assessing chest pain [2]. Autoimmune/Malignancy: A history suggesting an autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest…

…of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes. They may occur in both NSTEMI and STEMI…

…Individuals with nonspecific intraventricular conduction delays were at particularly high risk of death due to arrhythmias. Note that other causes of wide QRS complex must…

…conducted to the ventricles. The atria and the ventricles are electrically dissociated from each other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular (AV) dissociation. Importantly…

Conduction defects ECG Fascicular block (hemiblock): left anterior fascicular block & left posterior fascicular block Fascicular blocks were previously referred to as hemiblocks, but the latter…

…whether other interventions (e.g. heart failure management, evaluation for coronary artery disease, etc .) are warranted. Management of AV blocks aims to restore atrioventricular conduction…

Conduction defects ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Left bundle branch block (LBBB) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI): clinical implications & Sgarbossa criteria Contrary to right bundle…

…and calcium channel blockers on rhythm, conduction and ECG waveforms Although the purpose of antiarrhythmic drugs is to control arrhythmias, these medications may also cause…

…contraindication) . Irregular wide complex tachycardia is most often due to atrial fibrillation with wide QRS complexes due to bundle branch blocks or other conduction defects…

…heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities. CKD also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The…

…artery disease. Proposed explanations in the source material include cardiac memory after abnormal ventricular activation, transient rate related conduction abnormalities, pacing related repolarization changes, and…

…coronary syndromes, particularly ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), ischemic injury can disrupt the conduction system at any level, producing atrioventricular (AV) or intraventricular blocks. Isolated…

…be wise to observe the patient for 24 hours (including ECG monitoring). In all other situations, the underlying condition should be targeted and, if necessary…

…This is also a normal finding. Abnormal (pathological) causes of sinus bradycardia In all other situations, sinus bradycardia should be regarded as a pathological finding…

…as a rapid intravenous bolus. Unlike many other intravenous medications where rapid boluses risk hemodynamic instability or transiently toxic concentrations, adenosine requires a rapidly delivered…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four…

…to the QRS morphology during LBBB. Stimulation in other regions of the ventricle may result in a different QRS morphology. If the lead tip is…

…into the following categories: Bradyarrhythmia s (bradycardia): arrhythmias commonly due to dysfunctional automaticity in pacemaker cells or blocking of impulses somewhere along the conduction system…

…discharged in the ventricles it will spread partly or entirely outside of the conduction system and thus produce a wide QRS complex (QRS duration ≥0…

…serial examinations. If pathology is discovered during the standard examination, other examinations (which are not included in the standard examination), may be warranted. For most…

…electrically isolated from each other by the fibrous rings ( anulus fibrosus). However, some people have an additional (also called accessory) connection between the atria and…

…wave, it is still referred to as a QRS complex . In other words, if ventricular depolarization only generates a Q wave and an R wave…

…impulse reaches the atrioventricular node when there are two pathways, one being refractory and the other capable of conducting the impulse, re entry may arise…

…and hence it originates in the atria. In other words: tachycardias with narrow QRS complexes originate in the atria. the term supraventricular tachycardia is often…

…wave Normal variants V2–V3 ≥0,02 s or QS complex None All other leads ≥0,03 s and ≥1 mm deep (or QS complex…

…Akutsjukvård Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the…

…administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for…

Echocardiography Endocarditis Endocarditis implies that a bacterial infection engages the heart valves and this is a serious condition. The focus of infection on the flap…

…increase heart rate Chronotropic incompetence is an independent predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality. The condition is very common among individuals with heart failure. Notably…

…and ECG electrodes . An electrode is a conductive pad that is attached to the skin and enables the recording of electrical currents. An ECG lead…

…blood pressure is often at least 180/120 mmHg, but no absolute threshold defines the condition. A rapid rise in blood pressure can cause serious…

…See the separate guide to joint aspiration and injection. Indications Condition Injection site Comment : : : Subacromial bursitis, rotator cuff syndrome The subacromial space The best documented…

…association, whereas other conventional coronary risk factors may be absent. The condition is more prevalent in Japan and South Korea than in Western populations, and…

…embolism Mediastinitis (rare condition) In addition to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes of chest pain, but the other causes are either subacute…

…most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals…

…exhibit ST segment elevations, but the condition should be managed as STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) in terms of treatment and interventions. As discussed previously…

…from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Cardiovascular collapse : Sudden cessation of tissue perfusion as a result of cardiac or vascular condition. May reverse spontaneously (e.g…

…orientation to the surroundings Other cognitive disturbance Disorientation, memory impairment, disorganised thinking, language disturbance or perceptual disturbance Organic cause The condition can be linked to…

…pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile response…

…and up to 5–75% of CT series; other angiographic descriptions report rates of approximately 5–10%, while fewer than 5% of otherwise normal angiograms…

…agree with those viewpoints. Going through some guidelines the other day I realized that they are indeed becoming thicker and thicker. Guidelines issued by AHA…

…Other guideline formulations similarly define resistant hypertension as blood pressure above goal despite three or more antihypertensive drugs from different classes at maximally tolerated doses…

…which compresses the true lumen to varying degrees; this non atherosclerotic condition may occur especially in young women. Non coronary mechanisms that reduce oxygen supply…

…disease is less pronounced in the left ventricle. Rarely the condition is confined to the left ventricle. ARVC causes ventricular tachycardia and sudden cardiac arrest…

…figure rises dramatically in Southeast Asia, where the condition is historically linked to Sudden Unexplained Nocturnal Death Syndrome (SUNDS) [4] . The clinical presentation is notoriously…

…different types of dilated cardiomyopathy. Other causes of ventricular dilation ( e.g ischemic cardiomyopathy) must be excluded before establishing a diagnosis of DCM. Patient characteristics…

…survival. Patients with unstable angina pectoris with low risk (according to TIMI score or similar) may undergo stress testing when their clinical condition is stabilized…

…cardiac arrest ( Yan et al ). The low survival reflects the sudden and hyperacute nature of the condition. This has prompted researchers to develop strategies and…

…standard formulas. Therefore, while MAP is a valuable indicator of hemodynamic status, it should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical assessments and diagnostic information.

…pressure. 6. Repeat the measurement after a few minutes' rest, if the patient's condition allows. 7. With titratable intravenous treatment and an unstable course…

…systemic involvement. Relative: Condition Adaptation : : ABI 0.5–0.79 Reduced compression (20–30 mmHg) under vascular surgical supervision Diabetes with neuropathy Reduced compression, closer…