…Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas…

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…

…from posterior acute ischemia. Both these conditions cause ST segment depressions in V1–V3 along with large R waves ( Figure 2 shows right ventricular hypertrophy…

…of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes. They may occur in both NSTEMI and STEMI…

…disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often more rapidly reversible than that of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains…

…Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable angina (UA) represents myocardial ischaemia without demonstrable acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis…

…pulmonary vascular obstruction is accompanied by limited cardiopulmonary reserve or other adverse comorbidity. The classification of acute PE comprises four clinically useful groups: High risk…

…upsloping, or downsloping) or convex ST segment strongly suggest acute transmural ischemia ( Figure 1 A ). Concave ST segment elevations, on the other hand, are much…

…bleeding, shock, hypoxia and any other underlying cause immediately. 9. Request ultrasound of the kidneys and urinary tract when a postrenal cause cannot confidently be…

…of breathing, level of consciousness and PEF improve at the same time. Acute severe asthma is characterised by bronchospasm, mucosal oedema and mucus plugging. Expiratory…

…ischaemic changes CT angiography The standard investigation in acute stroke to identify large vessel occlusion, dissection or other vascular pathology CT perfusion Used with an…

…among others. Acute severe balance disturbance without nystagmus: HINTS does not apply. Assess gait and truncal stability and investigate for a central cause. Acute vestibular…

Clinical medicine Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that…

…other hand, may only display ST depressions and/or T wave inversions. STE ACS (ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) & STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) Acute…

…in acute coronary syndromes & chest pain patients An ECG must be performed on all patients seeking medical attention due to chest discomfort or other symptoms…

…Diagnostic criteria for acute myocardial infarction A diagnosis of myocardial infarction is based on the following three components: Cardiac troponins – Elevation of cardiac troponins in…

…among others, can raise the blood pressure. Serotonin syndrome can also cause autonomic instability and hypertension [4]. Step 2: look systematically for acute organ damage…

…the principal precipitating mechanisms include ischaemia related heart failure, acute severe mitral regurgitation, and other mechanical complications. Shock occurs more often when the coronary artery…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and conceptual framework Acute coronary occlusion is the abrupt or progressive reduction of coronary blood flow sufficient to produce…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Factors that modify infarct size and the natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) The traditional distinction between NSTE ACS (NSTEMI…

…be counteracted with simultaneous administration of norepinephrine. All patients with severe acute heart failure who receive levosimendan should be monitored invasively (e.g. arterial line…

…ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Left bundle branch block (LBBB) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI): clinical implications & Sgarbossa criteria Contrary to right bundle branch block…

…Risk of acute kidney injury increases when combined with ACE inhibitors. Corticosteroids and other NSAIDs: Increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding when combined with acetylsalicylic acid…

…administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes have important inflammatory components. Inflammation contributes to atherothrombosis through activation of…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction ECG Definition and Pathophysiology Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) encompass a spectrum of clinical conditions characterized by a recent change in symptoms…

…or process. Although Type 1 MI and acute coronary syndromes are commonly related to atherothrombotic events, myocardial ischaemia may also result from other mechanisms. Differential…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes (NSTE ACS): Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina (UA) The focus…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction ST segment depression due to acute myocardial ischemia ST segment depressions caused by ischemia are characterized by a horizontal or…

…110 mmHg with acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ injury is…

CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

ECG Exercise stress test Exercise stress testing in patients with previous acute coronary syndromes (myocardial infarction), women, elderly and revascularized individuals Clinicians should be familiar…

…occlusion, likely because most such occlusions result in prehospital cardiac arrest and death. As in other acute coronary events, the thrombotic process is dynamic, with…

…sex , and genetically influenced effects on the cardiovascular system. Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension…

…Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and is also a common tachyarrhythmia requiring treatment in…

…In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography…

Emergency medicine Lathundar Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Clinical Overview The evaluation of acute chest discomfort requires a systematic differential diagnosis, as the syndrome…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Surgery & trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer…

…myocardial infarction as the final diagnosis. The underlying process usually involves acute thrombotic obstruction of an epicardial coronary artery. A vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque and thrombogenic…

…diseases: effusion and tamponade A long series of conditions can affect the pericardium (pericardium). The most common of these are acute pericarditis (perimyocarditis), constrictive pericarditis…

…treatment is required if there is concomitant acute life threatening organ damage. Isolated malignant retinopathy without other acute organ damage can often be treated more…

…1. Assess airway, breathing and circulation. 2. Assess the neurological symptoms and at the same time exclude other acute causes, for example hypoglycaemia, poisoning, stroke…

…seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour, collapse or an acute neurological deficit. Hypoglycaemia can cause hemiparesis, aphasia and radiological changes resembling ischaemic stroke. Glucose measurement…

…burden of retained atherogenic particles accumulates over time, the probability of an acute atherosclerotic cardiovascular event increases. Non HDL Cholesterol Non HDL C is calculated…

…of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Other cardiopulmonary causes , including myopericardial disease…

…concept Myocardial infarction with non obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) describes a clinical presentation in which the patient has symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)…

…with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Myocardial infarction (MI) is a clinical diagnosis that integrates myocardial injury, evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia, electrocardiographic findings…

…most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals…

…cases of fatal myocardial infarction were examined. The authors reported that 60–70% of all cases had no myocardial disease or acute coronary syndrome. Indeed…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…thrombus, or other acute complications; investigation of restenosis and stent thrombosis. Intravascular imaging may also clarify the mechanism of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), particularly…

…Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral regurgitation—predominant right ventricular (RV) infarction…

…Approximately 20% of all endocarditis affect people with valve prostheses and among other cases 18% show significant valvular disease. Table 1. Etiologies in acute endocarditis…

…< 90 mmHg caused by the arrhythmia. Ongoing myocardial ischaemia with chest pain and ECG changes. Acute pulmonary oedema. Impaired consciousness. Synchronised cardioversion under sedation…

…well the puncture went. Indications Unexplained cytopenia in one or more cell lines. Suspected acute leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative neoplasm. Work up and staging…

…Recognise it Core criteria Core criterion Meaning : : Acute onset The change has developed over hours to days Fluctuating course Symptoms vary over the day and…

…drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre…

…Drug induced liver injury is the commonest cause Isolated bilirubin Unconjugated, the others normal Gilbert's syndrome, haemolysis The R value = (ALT / upper limit…

…a pulse that can be felt. The other predictable error is forgetting that pacing hurts a great deal in a conscious patient. Indications Immediate (transcutaneous)…