…valve leaflets (Figure 1). Rheumatic heart disease is the leading cause of mitral regurgitation in low and middle income countries. Rheumatic heart disease typically results…

…ear discharge or pain on contact with water. A history of ear surgery in which the middle ear may be open (a mastoid cavity, mastoidectomy)…

…A IMH: involves the ascending aorta. Type B IMH: involves the descending aorta distal to the left subclavian artery. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer PAU is focal…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring is a non invasive method for detecting and quantifying calcified coronary atherosclerotic…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an acute coronary disorder caused by separation within the coronary arterial…

…of aortic stenosis is 75 years in high income countries. In low and middle income countries, rheumatic heart disease is the leading cause of aortic…

…valve. The anterior leaflet is anatomically divided into three segments referred to as A1 (anterior segment), A2 (middle segment), and A3 (posterior segment) (Figure 1)…

…is pulled towards the apex. Myocardial fibers in the middle layer (mid wall) are oriented circularly around the short axis. Contraction in this layer results…

…remove the allergen. 2. Give adrenaline 1 mg/ml intramuscularly into the middle third of the anterolateral thigh. Dose 0.01 mg/kg, corresponding to…

…cm) below the lower border of the acromion , in the middle of the muscle belly, within the inverted triangle formed between the acromion and the…

…4. Estimate the depth of insertion by measuring from the ala of the nose over the earlobe to the middle of the sternum. The depth…

…Moreover, there may also be an increased risk of myocarditis, given the similarities between COVID 19 and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, coronavirus). Recent studies…

…progress, an atherosclerotic plaque forms in the wall of the artery. Such atherosclerotic plaques start building up early in childhood and by middle age, most…

…hence the term subendocardial infarction ). Myocardial infarctions affecting only the subendocardium are usually caused by subtotal coronary artery occlusions. This is discussed in detail in…