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Physics of ultrasound

…and lows of the sine curve correspond to the maximum and minimum pressure, respectively, in the medium. This is illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3…

Peripheral venous cannula and intraosseous access

…fluid or blood products. Contrast medium for CT (this requires a large bore cannula in a suitable vein). Standby access in a patient at risk…

Skin biopsy — punch, shave and excision

…from a fresh blister (routine), one from perilesional skin (immunofluorescence) The immunofluorescence biopsy goes into Michel's medium, not formalin Suspected vasculitis 4 mm punch…

🟠 Inotropes and Vasopressors

…additionally induces α1 stimulation and thus vasoconstruction and pronounced increase in SVR. As medium dose, and additionally severe hypertension (caution if patient on nonselective beta…

Peripheral Artery Disease: Diagnosis, Ankle–Brachial Index and Risk Management

…and mortality, as well as limb complications. Atherosclerotic lesions generally affect large and medium sized arteries. Pathological features include plaque formation with calcium deposition, medial…

Inotropes and Vasopressors: Doses, indications, contraindications and effects

…additionally induces α1 stimulation and thus vasoconstruction and pronounced increase in SVR. As medium dose, and additionally severe hypertension (caution if patient on nonselective beta…

Interpretation of myocardial perfusion images (Myocardial SPECT / PET)

…their size, encompassing: Small defects : <10% of the left ventricular myocardium. Medium defects : 10–20% of the myocardium. Large defects : 20% of the myocardium. Perfusion…

Anaphylaxis: quick reference for emergency management

…during anaesthesia, a drug infusion or the administration of contrast medium Skin symptoms are absent in approximately 10 to 20 percent of anaphylactic reactions. The…

Gynaecological examination and cervical smear

…with leg supports, and good, directable lighting. Specula in several sizes (small, medium, large; a long one for a high BMI), preferably warmed. Water based…

Technical aspects of the ultrasound image

…This is actually exploited to calculate the direction and speed of tissue and fluid movements. All structures in a medium can reflect ultrasound waves. However…

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