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Blood Pressure Targets in Older and Frail Adults

…accompanied by inability to perform activities of daily living, treatment goals should be individualized and discontinuation of medication may become appropriate. Frailty is potentially reversible…

Blood gas interpretation: quick reference for acid-base disorders

…an acidosis and an alkalosis at the same time despite a normal pH. The lungs compensate for a primary metabolic disturbance within minutes by changing…

Acute kidney injury: quick reference for management

…microscopy and urinary albumin or protein. 6. Perform an ECG in hyperkalaemia or where a rapid rise in potassium is suspected. 7. Review all medication…

Resistant Hypertension: Evaluation and Treatment

…contributors include excess salt intake and salt and water retention, particularly when kidney function is impaired. Inadequate adherence to medication or dietary sodium restriction may…

Secondary Hypertension: When and How to Investigate

…and relevant comorbidities Evidence of hypertension mediated organ damage Existing cardiac, cerebrovascular, or renal disease The possibility of a secondary cause The medical and medication…

Statin Intolerance and Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms

…impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin D deficiency Concomitant interacting medications The SLCO1B1 rs4149056 polymorphism is associated with higher statin concentrations and may increase the risk of simvastatin…

Acute vertigo: quick reference for HINTS and differential diagnosis

…a change in medication or an exposure Concussion, temporal bone injury, dissection, aminoglycoside toxicity, antiepileptic drugs, alcohol or sedatives Trauma and medication directed workup This…

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and Holter ECG

…alternatively every 15 and every 30 minutes respectively. Instruct the patient to stop, keep the arm still and lowered at each measurement, and not to…

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

…previous punctures: change side, and avoid irradiated fields. Preparation and equipment Informed consent, current full blood count and coagulation screen, medication list. Chlorhexidine in alcohol…

Exercise stress test on cycle ergometer

…For assessment of function and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease and evaluation of treatment effect, the medication is continued — abrupt withdrawal carries a…

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